Element - a substance that can't be broken down into a simpler substance - composed of one

kind of atom

from ancient to 1669 only dozen elements were known

Historical development of the periodic table

1789 - Antoine-Laurent De Lavoisier, a french nobleman classified elements with similar
properties into groups

1808 - John Dalton set up a table of elements according to their relative atomic weights and
published his findings in his book A New System of Chemical Philosophy

Antoine Lavoisier - 1770-1789

- Wrote the first list of elements containing 33 elements
- Distinguished between metals and nonmetal

1828 - Jacob Berzelius improved the work of John Dalton and published a table of atomic
weights with 54 elements

1829 - Johann W. Dobreiner analyzed the existing elements and classified them into groups of
three's and called these the TRIADS

Jons Jakob Berzelius - 1828

- developed a table of atomic weights
Introduced letters to symbolize elements

1863 - Alexander-Emile De Chancourtois grouped elements in spiral order divided by vertical

lines based on increasing atomic weights.

1854 - John Newlands arranged elements in order of increasing atomic weights into groups of
eight elements. The first and the eighth elements share similar properties - The Law of Octaves

1869 - Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic
mass, leaving a number of gaps reserved for undiscovered elements

1869 - Julius Lothar Meyer arranged the elements in the order of increasing atomic weights
based on the plotted values of atomic volume and atomic number

Lothar Meyer - 1869

- Compiled a periodic table of 56 elements based on the periodicity of properties such as molar
volume when arranged in order of atomic weight

Henry Mosely - 1887 -

- In 1913 through his work with X-ray spectra, he determined the actual nuclear charge(atomic
number) of the elements. He rearranged it in order of increasing the atomic number

Periodic Law - When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a
periodic pattern in their physical and chemical properties

Glenn T. Seaborg - 1912-1999

After co-discovering 10 new elements, he moved 14 elements out of the main body of the
periodic table to their current location below the Lanthanide series. These became known as the
Actinide series

He is the only person to have an element named after him while still alive
"This is the greatest honor bestowed upon me-even better, I think than winning the Nobel Prize."

Periodic Table Geography

7 periods
rows of elements are called periods

18 groups/families
the elements in any group of the periodic table have similar physical and chemical properties

The main-group elements representative elements

Group 1 - Alkali metals

name alkali comes from Arabic al-Gili meaning plant ash since Na and K carbonates are major
components of the plant ashes
+1 ions never as

Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals

same properties similar to those of alkali but were originally found in the earth rather than in
ashes
+2

Group 13 Boron Group

all have 3 electrons on their outermost shell

Group 14 Carbon Group

There are four valence electrons in a carbon atom

Group 15 Nitrogen Group

It can have either 3 or 5 valence electrons because it can bond in the outer 2p and 2s orbitals
Group 16 The Chalcogens
All have 6 electrons on the outermost shell
all are metal except for Helonium which is always a metal
Oxygen

Group 17 Halogens
from greed halo and gen meaning salt-former
nonmetals

Group 18 Noble Gases

Don't readily combine with other elements since they all have a filled valence shell
they are complete
named inert gases until Xe and Kr were discovered
chemically stable

Transition Metals
elements in the midsection of the periodic table, groups 3-12 located in the same period tend to
have similar properties

Inner transition metals

two rows of elements set off by themselves below the main table also called rare-earth elements
Lanthanide series - rare-earth
Actinide series - radioactive (manmade)

Electric configuration

electrons are the MVP of chemistry. they're the reason atoms are able to interact with other
atoms

- complete arrangement of electrons in an atom

- the process of arranging the electrons around the nucleus of an atom

Main energy level/shells/orbitals

- where the electrons in the atoms exist
- designated by a whole number or capital letter
-KLMNOPQ
-1234567

energy level - max number of e-

1-2
2-8
3 - 18
4 - 32
5 - 50
6 - 72
7 - 98
Formula = 2(n)^2

Subshells
type - name - max e-
s - sharp - 2
p - principal - 6
d - diffuse - 10
f - fundamental - 14

Types of subshells
f - 14 electrons -7 orbital
d - 10 - 5 orbital
p - 6 - 3 orbital
s - 2 - 1 orbital

max number
s=2
p=6
d = 16
f = 14