Chemistry holiday homework

MADE BY TANUSH GUPTA

CLASS X-F
ROLL NO. – 39
Acids , Bases and Salts .

Chapter- 2
What are acids ?

 An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen

ions in water .
 Some examples of acids are –
 Common strong acids include
hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid,
phosphoric acid, and nitric acid.
 Common weak acids include acetic acid,
boric acid, hydrofluoric acid, oxalic acid,
citric acid, and carbonic acid
Properties of acids -

 Acids taste sour, conduct electricity when dissolved in

water, and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
Certain indicator compounds, such as litmus, can be used
to detect acids. Acids turn blue litmus paper red. The
strength of acids is measured on the pH scale.
 Metals on reacting with acids always gives salts .
Strength of acids -

STRONG ACIDS WEAK ACIDS

 Am acid which dissociates to large number of  An acid which dissociates to small extents
hydrogen ions in water are called strong acids produce small extent to produce small number
of hydrogen ions in water are known as weak
 Examples –
acids
 Hydrochloric acid  Examples –
 Sulphuric acid  Carbonic acid
 Nitric acid  Acetic acid
 Formic acid
Indicators -

 Indicators:  Indicators are substances that are

used to test whether a substance is acidic or
basic or neutral in nature. They change their
color when added to a solution containing an
acidic or a basic substances.
Types of indicators -

 Natural indicators –
 Turmeric , litmus

 Ol factory indicators-
 Onion and vanilla

 Synthetic indicators-
 Methyl orange
 Phenolphthalein

 Universal indicators –
 Mixture of two or more than two indicators
What are bases ?

 bases are substances that, in aqueous solution,

release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to
the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change
the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus
paper blue].

Some common bases include:
•Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
•Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
•Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)
•Caesium hydroxide (CsOH)
•Strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2)
•Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
•Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
Properties of bases -

Bases taste bitter,feel slippery, and conduct

electricity when dissolved in water. Indicator
compounds such as litmus can be used to
detect bases. Bases turn red litmus paper
blue. The strength of bases is measured on
the pH scale.
Strength of bases -

STRONG BASES WEAK BASES

 A base which dissociates to large extent to  A base which dissociates to small extent to
produce large number of hydroxyl ions in produce small number of hydroxyl ions in
water is known as strong base. water is known as weak base.
 Examples –  Examples –
 Sodium hydroxide  Calcium hydroxide
 Potassium hydroxde  Zinc hydroxide
Ionization -

 Process in which dissociation of the compound to

its anions and cations
 Acids and bases are good electrolytes when they
ionize .
 Ionization only takes place in solution or molten
form of acids and bases.
How to dilute an acid ?

 When concentrated acid is added to water then the heat is

evolved gradually which gets absorbed by the large
amount of water . But if water is poured in the acid then
large amount of heat is generated quickly . This heat
changes some of the water into steam which results in
splashing of the acid on the face or on the clothes and
cause severe burns .
Salts -

 Salt, in chemistry, substance produced by the reaction of an acid with a base.

A salt consists of the positive ion (cation) of a base and the negative ion (anion) of an
acid. The term salt is also used to refer specifically to common table salt, or sodium
chloride.
 salts are of three types –
 Acidic salt
 Basic salt
 Neutral salt
Common salts we use in our daily life -

 Washing soda
 Bleaching powder
 Plaster of Paris
 Baking soda
 Caustic soda
Caustic soda -

 Solid sodium hydroxide is obtained from this

solution by the evaporation of water.
Principle - In castner-kellner method NaOH is
prepared by the electrolysis of aqueous
solution of NaCl (Brine). Castner-kellner cell -
It is a rectangular tank of steel. Inside of tank
is lined with 'ebonite
Uses of caustic soda -

 Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is a versatile alkali. Its

main uses are in the manufacture of pulp and paper,
alumina, soap and detergents, petroleum products and
chemical production. Other applications include water
treatment, food, textiles, metal processing, mining, glass
making and others
Bleaching powder -

 Bleaching powder is prepared on a large scale

basis by passing chlorine gas through a solution
of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) which is
commonly called as slaked lime. The reaction
that occurs is Ca(OH)2+Cl2(g)→Bleaching
powder is a pale yellowish powder existing
with a strong smell of chlorine.
 It is soluble in water but due to the presence of
impurities, we never observe a clear solution.
 Its chemical formula is CaOCl_2 with its
chemical name as Calcium hypochlorite.
Uses of bleaching powder -

 It is used for bleaching dirty clothes in the laundry, as a bleaching

agent for cotton and linen in the textile industry.
 It is a strong oxidizing agent hence used as an oxidizer in many
industries.
 It is used as a disinfectant which is used for disinfecting water to
make potable water.
Baking soda -

 Baking soda can be produced by the reaction

of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide, or by treating a sodium
carbonate solution with carbon dioxide. It can
also be prepared by the Solvay process,
which is the reaction of sodium chloride,
ammonia, and carbon dioxide in water.
Uses of baking soda -

 Reduces the acidity in the stomach.

 Acts as an antacid which is used to treat stomach upset and
indigestion.
 Used in the process of washing as a water softener.
 Due to the formation of soapy foam, it is used in fire extinguishers.
Washing soda

  washing soda is prepared from sodium

chloride or common salt. Firstly, a cold and
concentrated sodium chloride solution is
reacted with ammonia and carbon dioxide to
obtain sodium hydrogen carbonate
Uses of washing soda -

 Washing soda is a chemical compound that can be used to remove

stubborn stains from laundry and is an essential component in most
homemade laundry detergent for powder, liquid, or single pod
formulas. It is often used in commercial detergent mixtures as well
to treat hard water.
Plaster of Paris -

 Plaster of paris is prepared by heating

calcium sulfate dihydrate, or gypsum, to 120–
180 °C (248–356 °F). With an additive to
retard the set, it is called wall, or hard wall,
plaster, which can provide passive fire
protection for interior surfaces.
Uses of Plaster of Paris -

 Plaster of Paris is a building material that is used as a

protective coating on walls and ceilings. It is also used as
a moulding and casting agent for decorative elements. It
is used to give aesthetic finishing touches to the
buildings.
Thank You