MATTER: ISOTOPES AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

TOPIC 1: MATTER
NORMAISHARA/SEM 1/KMS/2018_19
CHAPTER 1 : MATTER
1.1 ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Learning outcomes C1 C2 C3 C4
a) Write isotope notation.
√
b) Interpret mass spectrum.
√ √
c) Calculate the average relative mass of an element given the relatives
abundances of Isotopes or a mass spectrum. √
INTRODUCTION
MATTER - Anything that occupies space and has mass
Atom Ion
Molecule
Atom - Smallest unit of a SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLE

chemical element/compound
Electron – A subatomic particle that possesses
a unit negative charge and occupies the space
around the atomic nucleus
Proton – A subatomic particle found in the

nucleus that has a unit positive charge
Packed in a small nucleus
Neutron – Uncharged
subatomic particles found in the
nucleus, with a mass slightly
greater than proton
Sub-Atomic Particle
Particle Mass (gram) Charge (Coulomb) Charge (Units)
Electron (e) -28 -19 -1

9.1 x 10 -1.6 x 10
Proton (p) -24 -19 +1
1.67 x 10 +1.6 x 10
Neutron (n) -24 0 0
1.67 x 10
1
TOPIC 1: MATTER
LO 1.1a - Write isotope notation (CLO 1)
ISOTOPE
 Two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of
neutrons.
 Examples :
Protium Deuteriu Tritium

m Notes
1 2 3
Isotopes of hydrogen 1 H 1 H 1 H
Isotopes of an element have
the same
Proton number 1 1 1  proton number
 number of electrons in a
Number of neutrons 0 1 2 neutral atom
Isotopes of an element have

different
Uranium-235 Uranium-238  nucleon number
 relative isotopic mass
235 238
92 U 92 U
Isotopes of uranium
Proton number 92 92
Number of neutrons 143 146
ISOTOPE NOTATION
Isotope notation is a symbol used to designate a particular atom of an element.

** *ALSO KNOWN as nuclide symbol or atomic notation
NUCLEON NUMBER - The total number CHARGE OF THE ION

Charge
of protons and neutrons present in the
A Number of protons - Number of
X
nucleus of an atom of an element. electrons
Nucleon number = proton no + neutron

no
ELEMENT SYMBOL
PROTON NUMBER - The number of
protons in the nucleus of each atom of
Z According to periodic table
an element.
2
TOPIC 1: MATTER
LET’S TRY!!
1. Complete the table below
Symbol Proton Neutron Electron Charge

200
80 Hg
63
29 Cu
17 2−
8O
59 3+
27 Co
2. Write the appropriate notation for each of the following species
Species Proton Neutron Electron Isotope Notation

A 2 2 2
B 1 2 0
C 1 1 1
D 7 7 10
3. Determine the sub atomic particles for each of the following elements :
a) Cobalt-60
b) Phosphorus-32
c) Carbon-14
d) Uranium-235
4. The appropriate notation for each of the following species

Charge on the Isotope
Species Z A No. n No. p No. e Notation
species
M 24 28 3+
Q 13 14 13 0
F 19 9 10
T 10 8 10
LO 1.1a - Interpret mass spectrum. (CLO 2 & CLO 4)
MASS SPECTROMETRY
3
TOPIC 1: MATTER
Terms Definition/Description
Mass Spectrometry  Technique used to determined relative atomic mass and the relative
abundance of isotopes
 Different atoms / isotopes / molecules can be identified by their characteristic

pattern of lines (peak)
Mass Spectrum  A plot of intensity vs mass (more correctly: mass-to-charge ratio) of a sample.

The plot represents the distribution of ions by mass
Mass Spectrometer  A device used to determine the:
i) relative atomic mass of an element

ii) relative molecular mass of a compound
iii) type of isotopes, the abundance and its relative
isotopic mass
iv) structure of compounds in an unknown sample
Atomic Mass  Mass of an atom in atomic mass unit

 Unit : amu @ u
Average atomic mass  The weighted average of all of the naturally occurring isotopes of the element
 Unit : amu @ u
Isotopic abundances  Relative abundance - Fraction of each isotope in a sample of the element
4
TOPIC 1: MATTER
 Percentage abundances - Percentage of each isotope in a sample of the

element
KEEP IN MINDS!
Atomic Mass ≠ Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
Atomic Mass Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
Has unit (amu @ u) No unit
EXAMPLES:
1.
Relative abundance  Mg consists of three isotopes:
24 25 26
Mg, Mg and Mg.
63
 The height of each line is proportional to the abundance
of each isotope.
63
63
 According to mass spectrum, which one of three isotopes
is
24 25 26 m/z amu 1. Most abundance : ______________
(amu) m/z
2. Least abundance : ______________
LO 1.1a - Calculate the average atomic mass of an element given the relatives abundances of Isotopes or a
mass spectrum. (CLO 4)
5
TOPIC 1: MATTER
How to calculate Average Atomic mass from mass spectrum?
Determine the Average Atomic Mass
Formula:
Q = the relative abundance / percentage abundance of an isotope of the element

M = the relative isotopic mass of the element
LET’S TRY!!
1. The mass spectrum of magnesium shows that naturally occurring magnesium consists of three isotopes:
24
Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg. The height of each line is proportional to the abundance of each isotope. In this
example, 24Mg is the most abundance of the three isotopes
Relative abundance
Mass Spectrum of Magnesium

63
9.1
8.1
0 24 25 26 m/e
Calculate the average atomic mass of Mg
2. The ratio of relative abundance of naturally occurring of copper isotopes is as follow:

63
Cu / 65Cu = 2.333
Based on the carbon-12 scale, the relative atomic mass of 63Cu = 62.9396 and 65Cu = 64.9278. Calculate the
Ar of copper.
6
TOPIC 1: MATTER
6 7
3. The atomic masses of 3 Li and 3 Li are 6.0151 amu and 7.0160 amu respectively. What is the relative
abundance of each isotope if the average atomic mass of lithium is 6.941 amu?
4. The relative atomic mass of 6Li and 7Li are 6.01 and 7.02. What is the percentage abundance of each if the
relative atomic mass of Li is 6.94?
EXERCISES
7
TOPIC 1: MATTER
1. Figure below shows the mass spectrum of the element rubidium, Rb;
Relative abundance
18
63
85 87 m/z (amu)
a) What isotopes are present in Rb?

b) What is the percentage abundance of each isotope?
c) Calculate the average atomic mass of Rb.
2. The mass spectrum of neon, Ne consists of three lines corresponding to m/e ratio of 20, 21 and 22 with
relative intensities of 0.910, 0.0026 and 0.088, respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass of Ne.
191 193
3. Naturally occurring iridium, Ir is composed of 2 isotopes Ir and Ir in the ratio of 5:8. The relative
191 193
isotopic mass of Ir and Ir are 191.021 and 193.025 respectively. Calculate the relative atomic
mass of iridium.
1.2 : MOLE CONCEPT
8
TOPIC 1: MATTER
a) Define the terms empirical and molecular formulae

√
b) Determine empirical and molecular formulae from mass composition
or combustion data √
c) Determine empirical and molecular formulae from experiment
√
LO 1.2a - Define the terms empirical and molecular formulae. (CLO 1)
Terms Definition
Empirical formula Chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms of the elements present
in a compound.
Molecular formula Chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a
molecule.
LO 1.2b - Determine empirical and molecular formulae from mass composition or

combustion data (CLO 3)
Relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula
Relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula
Molecular formula = n( empirical formula)
n = Molar mass
Mass of empirical formula
Calculation:
How to determine the empirical formula?
1. By using the masses of compounds

2. By using percentage of composition of a compound
3. By using the combustion data (elemental analysis data)
TAKE NOTE!!!
 Combustion of hydrocarbons, CxHy in excess oxygen will produce carbon dioxide and water.
 Combustion of organic compound, CxHyOz in excess oxygen will also produce carbon dioxide and water.
9
TOPIC 1: MATTER
Example 1: Using the mass of compounds
18.3 g sample of hydrated compound contained 4.0 g of calcium, 7.1 g of chlorine and 7.2 g of water only.
Determine its empirical formula.
Element Ca Cl H2O
Mass (g)
Number of moles (mol)
Simplest ratio of moles
Empirical Formula
Example 2: Using percentage of composition of a compound
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) cures scurvy and may help prevent the common cold. It is composed of 40.92% carbon,
4.58% hydrogen and 54.50% oxygen by mass. The molar mass of ascorbic acid is 176 g mol 1. Determine its empirical
formula and molecular mass.
Element C H O
Mass (%)
Empirical Formula
Example 3: Calculating the empirical formula from elemental analysis data
10
TOPIC 1: MATTER
1.00 g sample of compound A was burnt in excess oxygen producing 2.52 g of CO 2 and 0.443 g of H2O. Determine
the empirical formula of the compound.
Element C H O
Mass (%)
Empirical Formula
EXERCISES
1. Combustion of 0.202g of an organic sample that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen produce 0.361g carbon
dioxide and 0.147g of water. If the relative molecular mass of the sample is 148, what is the molecular
formula?
2. An organic compound, X which contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, has a molar mass of about 85 g
mol1. When 0.43 g of X is burnt in excess oxygen, 1.10 g of carbon dioxide and 0.45 g of water are formed.
a) What is the empirical formula of X?
b) What is the molecular formula of X?
LO 1.2c Determine empirical and molecular formulae from experiment (CLO 3)
Experiment 1
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
11
TOPIC 1: MATTER
d) Define each of the following concentration measurements:
i. Molarity (M) ii. Molality (m) iii. Mole fraction (X)
√
iv.Percentage by mass (%w/w) v. Percentage by volume (%v/v)
e) Calculate each of the following concentration measurements:

i. Molarity (M) ii. Molality (m) iii. Mole fraction (X)
√ √
iv.Percentage by mass(%w/w) v. Percentage by volume (%v/v)
LO 1.2 d Define each of the following concentration measurements. (CLO 1)
Terms Definition
Solute The substance present in a smaller amount in solution.
Solvent The substance present in a larger amount in a solution.
Solution A solution is a homogeneous mixture formed when an amount of solute dissolved

completely in a solvent.
EXAMPLE
Ways to represent concentration of a solution
Molarity (M) Percentage by volume

(%v/v)
Molality (m) Percentage by mass

(%w/w)
Mole fraction (X)
Definition of Concentrations
12
TOPIC 1: MATTER
Terms Definition/ Description

Molarity , M  The molarity of a solution, M is the number of moles of solute in 1dm3 (or 1L) of
solution.
 Formula :
Molarity, M = mole of solute (mol)

volume of solution (L)
 Unit : moldm-3 or molL-1 or molar ewsaz
Molality , m  Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute required per kilogram of
solvent to make a concentrated solution.
 Formula :
Molality, m = mole of solute (mol)

mass of solvent (kg)
 Unit :mol kg-1 or molal, m
Molality
**Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

Volume of solution ≠ volume of solvent
Mole Fraction , X  Mole fraction, X is the ratio of the number of moles of one component to the
total number of moles of all component present.
 Formula :
Mole fraction of = No. of mole of A

component A Total no. of mole of all component
**no unit
Percentage by mass,  Percentage by mass is defined as the percentage of the mass of solute per mass
%w/w of solution.
13
TOPIC 1: MATTER
 Usually used for solids dissolved in liquids.

 Also known as weight percent.
 Formula :
Percentage by volume,  Percentage by volume is defined as the percentage of volume of solute per
%v/v volume of solution.
 Formula :
Density of solution , ρ  Formula :
Density, ρ = mass of solution (g)

Volume of solution (mL)
 Unit : gmL-I
LO 1.2 e Calculate each of the following concentration measurements (CLO 3 & CLO 4)
Molarity
1. Determine the molarity of a solution of 1.71g sucrose, C 12H22O11 dissolved in water to form 0.5L of solution. [
Given : Ar H = 1 ; C = 12 ; O = 16]
2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 16.0 g of calcium chloride, CaCl 2in 64.0 g of water. The solution formed
14
TOPIC 1: MATTER
has a density of 1.18 gmL-1. Calculate the molarity of CaCl2 solution.
3. An aqueous ammonia solution with density of 0.898g mL -1 contains 28% ammonia by mass. Calculate the
molarity of solution.
Molality
15
TOPIC 1: MATTER
1. Calculate the molality of a solution containing 40.0g of KCl in 190 g of water.

[ Ar : K = 39 ; Cl = 35.5]
2. What is the molal concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of CuCl 2 in 40.0 mol of water?
3. The density of solution containing 10% ethanol, C2H5OH by mass is 0.98 gmL-1. Calculate
i. The molality of solution
16
TOPIC 1: MATTER
ii. Its molarity
Mole fraction
17
TOPIC 1: MATTER
1. What is the mole fraction of CuCl 2 in a solution prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of CuCl 2 in 40.0 mol of water
[Given : Mr of H2O = 18.02 g mol-1]
2. A solution is prepared by mixing 55g of toluene, C 7H8 and 55g of bromobenzene, C 6H5Br. What is the mole
fraction of each component? [Ar: C=12.01, H=1.01, Br=79.90]
Percentage by mass, %w/w
1. A sample of 0.892g of potassium chloride, KCl is dissolve in 54.3g of water. What is the percentage by mass of
the solution?
18
TOPIC 1: MATTER
2. Calculate the amount of water (in grams) that must be added to 5.00 g of urea in the preparation of 16.2% by
mass of solution
Percentage by volume, %v/v
1. A 200mL of unknown perfume contains 28mL of alcohol. What is the percentage by volume of alcohol in
this solution?
2. Calculate the volume of antifreeze required to make 10L of a solution of antifreeze which is 40% by volume
19
TOPIC 1: MATTER
EXERCISES
1. The density of 10.5 molal NaOH solutions is 1.33gmL -1 at 20°C. Determine the…
a) mole fraction of NaOH
b) percentage by mass of NaOH
c) molarity of the solution
20
TOPIC 1: MATTER
2. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 dissolves in ethanol to give 2.5 M solution. Calculate the molality of the solution
if the density of the solution is 1.430 gmL-1
21
TOPIC 1: MATTER
1.3 : STOICHIOMETRY
a) Write and balance:
i. Chemical equation by inspection method √
ii.Redox equation by ion-electron method
√
b) Define limiting reactant and percentage yield
√
c) Perform stoichiometrc calculations using mole concept including limiting
reactant and percentage yield √
LO 1.3 a - Write and balance:

i. Chemical equation by inspection method. (CLO 2)
ii. Redox equation by ion-electron method. (CLO 3)
Balance Chemical Equation
Definition :  A chemical equation shows a chemical reaction using symbols for the reactants and products.
 The formulae of the reactants are written on the left side of the equation while the products
are on the right.
Example :
xA + yB zC + wD
Reactant Product
 The total number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of a balanced equation.
 x, y, z and w, = stoichiometric coefficients.
Method to Balance Chemical Equation
Methods to balance an equation
Inspection Method Ion-electron Method
22
TOPIC 1: MATTER
1. Inspection Method
Write down the unbalanced equation. Write the correct formulae for the reactants and products.
Balance the metallic element, followed by non-metallic atoms.
Balance the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Check to ensure that the total number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of
equation
LET’S TRY…..
Balance the chemical equation below by applying inspection method.

1. NH3 + CuO → Cu + N2 + H2O
2. Al + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2
3. Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
4. N2H4 + H2O2 → HNO3 + H2
23
TOPIC 1: MATTER
2. Ion-electron Method Used to Balance Redox Equation
A reaction where both reduction and oxidation reaction occurs simultaneously
Redox Reaction
Oxidation Reduction
 The substance loses one or more electrons  The substance gains one or more electrons
 Increase in oxidation number  Decrease in oxidation number
 Act as an reducing agent  Act as an oxidising agent
Oxidation Number s that an atom either gains or losses in order to form a chemical bond with another
. atom
Oxidation numbers of any atoms can be determined by applying the following rules:
1st rule : In a free element, as an atom or a molecule the oxidation number is zero.
Example:
Na =0 Cl2 =0
Br2 =0 O2 =0
2nd rule : For monoatomic ion, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion
Example:
Na+ = +1 Mg2+ = +2
3+
Al = +3 S2- = -2
3rd rule : Fluorine and other halogens always have oxidation number of -1 in its compound. Only have a
positive number when combine with oxygen
Example:
Oxidation number of F in NaF = -1
Oxidation number of Cl in HCl = -1
Oxidation number of Cl in Cl2O7 = -7/2
4th rule : Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in its compound except in metal hydrides which
hydrogen has an oxidation number of -1
Example:
Oxidation number of H in HCl = +1
Oxidation number of H in NaH = +1
Oxidation number of H in MgH2 = -1
5th rule : Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 in most of its compound.
24
TOPIC 1: MATTER
Example:
Oxidation number of O in MgO = -2
Oxidation number of O in H2O = -2
6th rule : In neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation number of all atoms that made up the molecule is
equal to zero.
Example:
Oxidation number of H2O =0
Oxidation number of HCl =0
Oxidation number of KMnO4 =0
7th rule : For polyatomic ions, the total oxidation number of all atoms that made up the polyatomic ion
must be equal to the net charge of the ion.
Example:
Oxidation number of MnO4- = -1
Oxidation number of Cr2O72- = -2
Oxidation number of NO3- =-1
LET’S TRY…..
1. Assign (determine) the oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72-
2. Assign the oxidation number of S in SO42-.
3. Assign the oxidation number of Mn in the following chemical compounds.

i. MnO2 ii. MnO4-
4. Assign the oxidation number of Cl in the following chemical compounds.

i. KClO3 ii. Cl2O72-
25
TOPIC 1: MATTER
Ion-electron Method Balancing Redox Equation
Redox Reaction occur in
Acidic Medium Basic Medium
In Acidic Medium
Step 1 : Divide the equation into two half reactions, one involving oxidation and the other reduction.
Step 2 : Balance each half-reaction
i) balance the element other than oxygen and hydrogen
ii) balance the oxygen atom by adding H2O
iii) balance hydrogen atom by adding H+
iv) balance the charge by adding electrons to the side with the greater overall positive charge.
Step 3 : Multiply each half-reaction by an integer, so that number of electron lost in one half-reaction
equals the number gained in the other.
Step 4 : Add the two half-reactions and simplify where possible by canceling species appearing on both
sides of the equation.
Step 5 : Check the equation to make sure that there are the same number of atoms of each kind and the
same total charge on both sides.
LET’S TRY…..
Balance the chemical equation below in acidic medium :
1. Fe2+ + MnO4- → Fe3+ + Mn2+
26
TOPIC 1: MATTER
2. C2O42- + MnO4- + H+ → CO2 + Mn2+ + H2O
3. MnO4- + H2SO3 → Mn2+ + SO42- + H2O + H+
4. Zn + SO42- + H+ → Zn2+ + SO2 + H2O
27
TOPIC 1: MATTER
In Basic Medium
Follow all the 5 steps on how to balance redox equation in acidic solution
+
Calculate the number of H+ in the equation
Add OH-to both sides of the equation. The number of OH- added is equal to the number of H+ in
the equation.
Combined the OH- added with H+to form H2O
LET’S TRY…..
Balance the chemical equation below in basic medium :
1. Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + OH- → CrO32- + I- + H2O
28
TOPIC 1: MATTER
2. ClO- + S2O32- → Cl- + SO42-
3. Cl2 → ClO3- + Cl-
4. NO2 → NO-3 + NO
29
TOPIC 1: MATTER
Stoichiometry
 A coefficient that shows relative quantities of reactants and products in a
Stoichiometry chemical reaction.
 Stoichiometry can be used for calculating the species we are interested in
during a reaction.
LO 1.3 b - Define limiting reactant and percentage yield (CLO 1)
Limiting Reactant
Terms Definition
Limiting reactant
The reactant that completely consumed at the end of the reaction and its quantity limit
the amount of products formed.
Reaction yield and percentage yield
Terms Definition
Theoretical yield The amount of product that would result if the entire limiting reagent reacted.
**is the maximum obtainable yield, predicted by the balanced equation according
to the number of mole of limiting reactant.
Actual yield
The amount of product actually obtained from a reaction.
** commonly stated or given yield in questions
Excess reactant The reactant that is left over in a reaction when all the limiting reagent is used up
Percentage yield The ratio of the actual yield (obtained from exp.) to the theoretical yield multiply by
100%.
Formula :
Percentage yield = actual yield x 100%
theoretical yield
EXAMPLE
Reactant
+
Excess reactant Limiting reactant
30
TOPIC 1: MATTER
LO 1.3 c - Perform stoichiometrc calculations using mole concept including limiting

reactant and percentage yeilds (CLO 4)
Steps in Calculating Limiting Reactant
Step 1: Write a balanced equation for the reaction (if equation is not given by the question)
Step 2: Calculate no. of mole for each of the reactant (if masses are given)
Step 3: Write the stoichiometry equation
Step 4: Compare a no. mol given with the no. mol from stoichiometry (needed)
Conclusion : Limiting reactant is ……..
TAKE NOTE!! Always using the no. mol of limiting reactant (a GIVEN one) to calculate the
any amount (mol, mass, volume) of substances (reactant @ product)
LET’S TRY...
1. 10 g of Zn is added to a beaker containing 0.18 mole of hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen
gas. Determine:
a) the limiting reactant
b) the mass in gram for hydrogen gas produced
31
TOPIC 1: MATTER
2. Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide:

2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)
637.2 g of NH3 react with 1142 g of CO2 .Determine
a) the limiting reactant.
b) the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.
c) the mass of the excess reagent left.
32
TOPIC 1: MATTER
3. Consider the reaction:

3CCl4 + 2SbF3 3CCl2F2 + 2SbCl3
In an experiment, 14.6g of SbF 3 was allowed to react in excess CCl 4. 8.62g of CCl2F2was obtained at the
end of the experiment. [ Ar Sb = 122, F = 19, C= 12, Cl = 35.5 ]
a) Determine the theoretical yield for CCl2F2 in grams?
b) What was the percentage yield of CCl2F2?
4. An impure solid sample of iron is reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid, HCl to form a aqueous
solution of iron(II) chloride, FeCl2 and H2 gas. Assume that the impurities do not react with HCl.
a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction
b) When 0.274 g of the impure iron is reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid, HCl, an amount of
8.54 x 10-3 g of H2 gas is evolved. Calculate the percentage of iron in the sample
33
TOPIC 1: MATTER
5. A 4.0 g impure sample of zinc reacted completely with 25.0 Ml of 0.5 M HNO 3 solution. Calculate the
percentage purify of the zinc sample.
6. A 16.50 mL 0.1327 M KMnO4 solution is needed to oxidise 20.00mL of a FeSO 4 solution in an acidic medium.
What is the concentration of the FeSO4 solution? The net ionic equation is:
5Fe 2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe 3+ + 4H2O
34
TOPIC 1: MATTER
35

MATTER: ISOTOPES AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATTER: ISOTOPES AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TOPIC 1: MATTER

1.1 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

MATTER - Anything that occupies space and has mass

Atom - Smallest unit of a SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLE

Proton – A subatomic particle found in the

Particle Mass (gram) Charge (Coulomb) Charge (Units)

Electron (e) -28 -19 -1

LO 1.1a - Write isotope notation (CLO 1)

Protium Deuteriu Tritium

Isotopes of an element have

Number of neutrons 143 146

Isotope notation is a symbol used to designate a particular atom of an element.

NUCLEON NUMBER - The total number CHARGE OF THE ION

Nucleon number = proton no + neutron

1. Complete the table below

Symbol Proton Neutron Electron Charge

2. Write the appropriate notation for each of the following species

Species Proton Neutron Electron Isotope Notation

4. The appropriate notation for each of the following species

LO 1.1a - Interpret mass spectrum. (CLO 2 & CLO 4)

 Different atoms / isotopes / molecules can be identified by their characteristic

Mass Spectrum  A plot of intensity vs mass (more correctly: mass-to-charge ratio) of a sample.

Mass Spectrometer  A device used to determine the:

i) relative atomic mass of an element

Atomic Mass  Mass of an atom in atomic mass unit

 Percentage abundances - Percentage of each isotope in a sample of the

Atomic Mass ≠ Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

Atomic Mass Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

Has unit (amu @ u) No unit

How to calculate Average Atomic mass from mass spectrum?

Determine the Average Atomic Mass

Q = the relative abundance / percentage abundance of an isotope of the element

Mass Spectrum of Magnesium

Calculate the average atomic mass of Mg

2. The ratio of relative abundance of naturally occurring of copper isotopes is as follow:

a) What isotopes are present in Rb?

1.2 : MOLE CONCEPT

a) Define the terms empirical and molecular formulae

LO 1.2a - Define the terms empirical and molecular formulae. (CLO 1)

LO 1.2b - Determine empirical and molecular formulae from mass composition or

Relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula

Relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula

Molecular formula = n( empirical formula)

How to determine the empirical formula?

1. By using the masses of compounds

Example 1: Using the mass of compounds

Simplest ratio of moles

Example 2: Using percentage of composition of a compound

Simplest ratio of moles

Example 3: Calculating the empirical formula from elemental analysis data

Simplest ratio of moles

LO 1.2c Determine empirical and molecular formulae from experiment (CLO 3)

e) Calculate each of the following concentration measurements:

LO 1.2 d Define each of the following concentration measurements. (CLO 1)

Solvent The substance present in a larger amount in a solution.

Solution A solution is a homogeneous mixture formed when an amount of solute dissolved

Ways to represent concentration of a solution

Molarity (M) Percentage by volume

Molality (m) Percentage by mass

Terms Definition/ Description

Molarity, M = mole of solute (mol)

 Unit : moldm-3 or molL-1 or molar ewsaz