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The atom is
composed of: positively charged (+)
protons,
uncharged neutrons
and
negatively charged
(-) electrons
Bohr’s Model
Where 1 amu is
approximately equal to
1.6605 x 10-24 grams
Atoms of an
element that have
a different number
of neutrons in the
nucleus are called
isotopes of each
other.
A Xy = element symbol
isotope notation
typically written as: Z
Xy A = atomic mass (neutron + protons)
Z = atomic number (protons)
4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.1 – slide 15 of 29
Isotopes
The number of
protons and
electrons remain
the same.
long range
electrostatic
forces p Line of stability
n
short range
nuclear forces
Too many
neutrons
for stability
Too many
protons
for stability
Activity
Law of Radioactive Decay
Half-Life
Decay Constant
Mean Life
Units
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
Absorbed
Dose rad gray (Gy) 1 rad = 0.01 Gy
Equivalent
Dose rem sievert (Sv) 1 rem = 0.01 Sv
A = N
T½ = 0.693
Radionuclide Half-Life
Phosphorus-32 14.3 days
Iridium-192 74 days
Cobalt-60 5.25 years
Caesium-137 30 years
Carbon-14 5760 years
Uranium-238 4.5 x 109 years
4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.1 – slide 31 of 29
Sample Problem
0.693 x 1
Activity = N =
8 days 86,400 sec day-1
3 x 1011 Bq
= 8.1 Ci 131I
3.7 x 1010 Bq/Ci
dN
= -N(t)
dt
N(t) = No e -t
N(t) = No e -t
or A(t) = Ao e - t
1- A
Ao
A = 1
Ao 2n
TM = 1.44 T1/2
Activity (A)
Bq
or
disintegration
time
time (t)
50
Speed (s)
The area under
the curve is
kph
speed x time or
or (50 km/hr) x 1 hr
kilometers = 50 kilometers
hour
time (hours) 1
A Decelerating Vehicle
50
The area under
Speed (s) the curve is
kph
(speed x time)/2
or
or
(50 kph x 1 hr)/2 =
kilometers 25 kilometers
hour
time (hours) 1
A = Ao e - t
0
A dt =
0
Ao e - t dt
= Ao
0
e - t dt
= Ao e - t
- 0
= Ao e - () - e - (0)
- -
0 1
= Ao -
- -
1 Ao
= Ao 0 + =
A = Ao e - t or A
= e - t
Ao
A ½Ao
= = ½
Ao Ao
½ = e - T½
ln (½) = -T½
1 -T½ T½
But ln (½) = - ln (2) so: = =
- ln (2) ln (2)
1 T½
= but ln(2) = 0.693
ln (2)
1 T½
= = 1.44 T½ = Tm
0.693
Ao
Activity (A)
Bq
or ½Ao Tm = 1.44 T½
disintegration
time
T½ Tm time (t)
Ao
Activity (A)
Remember the
equation A = N
Bq
½Ao
or the total # of atoms
disintegration
N = Ao/ = AoTm
time
Tm time (t)
= 1.44 x 10 days
= 14.4 days
Properties of neutrons
Nuclear decay processes
Neutron interactions
Charged particle reactions
Spallation
Fission
Fusion
Neutron Discovery
Chadwick, 1932, alpha bombardment
He + Be C + n + Q
Neutron Classification
Thermal (0.0025 eV)
Slow (1 - 100 eV)
Epithermal (100 eV – 100 keV)
Fast (100 keV – 1 MeV)
Ultrafast (>1 MeV)
4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.1 – slide 55 of 29
Properties of Neutrons
Neutron Characteristics
symbol - n
no charge
rest energy 939.507 MeV
has a magnetic moment
it is a fermion
Positron Emission
Electron Capture
(n, CP) 1
0 n B Li He Q
10
5
7
3
4
2
(n, gamma) 1
0 n Co Co
59 60
(n, fission)
1
0 n 235
92 U 236
92 U Mo Li
* 95 139
n + B 7Li(*) +
10
239
U (23.5 min) 239Np (2.3 d) 239Pu
p + Zn
68 67
Ga + 2n
+ 16
O F
18
+ p + n
from Fusion
P
4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.1 – slide 80 of 29
Gamma Rays
Shield
SOURCE
Distance
Time
Reduce the strength of the SOURCE
I.2.1 – slide 88 of 29
4/2003 Rev 2
External Radiation Hazards