CHAPTER 2

THE STRUCTURE OF THE

ATOM
 IN TODAY’S
CLASS LECTURE
B) The Atomic
A) Matter Structure

2: THE STRUCTURE OF
THE ATOM

D) The Electronic
C) Isotopes
Structure of an
Atom
and its
Importance
 2.2 THE ATOMIC
STRUCTURE

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
SYMBOL OF ELEMENTS
 LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Able to describe the development of the
ATOMIC MODEL.
2. Able to describe the contribution of
scientist towards understanding of the
atomic structure.
3. Able to compare the subatomic particles
of an atom.
4. Able to write the correct representation of
the first 20 elements in the Periodic Table.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1. The atom is the basic
building block
…………………… of matter.
Atom from the Greek word, atomos.

INDIVISIBLE
 THE SCIENTISTS
 Proposed in 1805,
1. JOHN DALTON  Atom as a small
(1766 – 1844)
indivisible tiny ball.

Found to be
untrue based on
new discoveries.
  In1897, discovered
electron.

2. J.J THOMSON  Describe atom as a sphere

(1856 – 1940) of positive charge which
contains a few negatively
charged particles called
electrons. The electrons
are scattered!
 “the plum pudding
model”
  In 1911, discovered
Latin word proton, a positive charge in
“ little an atom situated in the
nut” central region called the
3. LORD ERNEST nucleus.
RUTHERFORD
(1871 – 1937)
 The electrons move in the
space that is larger than
space occupied by the
nucleus in the atom.
  In1913, proposed that
electrons in an atom
move in shells around
4. NEILS BOHR the nucleus at fixed
(1885 – 1962) distances.
  In
1932, proved the
existence of
neutrons, a neutral
particles in the
5. JAMES CHADWICK
nucleus.
(1891 – 1974)

 Neutronscontribute
approximately half
the mass of an atom.
Therefore all atoms have mass , do you agree?

 The mass of the whole atoms comes

from the nucleus because the mass of
the electron is so small……
 So, what are the sub-atomic particles
in the nucleus ?
Modern atomic model has four key points:
1.
Protons neutrons are located at the
…………… and ……………
nucleus.
2. nucleus of an atom is very small
The ……………
compared to the size of the atom.
3.
electrons
The …………….. are orbiting the nucleus in
shells
……………..
4. electrons are moving at a very high
The …………….
speed
……………and we cannot determine the
position
……………of the electrons at a particular time.
 Subatomic particles of
the atom

PROTON NEUTRON
(+) (0)

ELECTRON
(-)
 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ELECTRONS
PROTON
•Symbol : p •Symbol : e
Relative atomic charge : +1 Relative atomic charge: -1
Relative mass : 1 Relative mass : 1/ 1840
± 0.0005

NEUTRON
•Symbol : n
Relative atomic charge : 0
Relative mass : 1
• Protons and neutrons are collectively called
the ‘nucleons’ which occupy the the
nucleus.

• Why is an atom electrically neutral?

Number of electron = Number of proton
 PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER

The proton number of an The nucleon number of an

element is the number of element is the total numbe
proton in the nucleus of of protons and neutrons
the atom. in its atom.

SYMBOL SYMBOL

Z A
ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER
ATOMIC SYMBOL

39
K
19

A
x
Z
How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
 Sometimes an element can be represented
by using only the nucleon number eg.
Potassium – 39 and Carbon – 14 .

 Lets get to know the first 20 elements

 And many more…..

That’s all for today.
See you next class…