Represented by:-

Insp Amit Joshi

8TH BN NDRF GZB
Upon completion of this lesson you will be able to:-
 Describe radiation and its types
 Know atom, element, atomic no, atomic mass,

isotopes
 Describe ionizing, non ionizing radiation & half life.
 Describe nuclear fission , nuclear fusion and chain

reaction
 Radiation
• Mode of energy transfer
• Emission or Pass on of energy in the form of waves
or particles
Ionizing radiation:
Higher energy electromagnetic waves (gamma) or

heavy particles (beta and alpha).

High enough energy to pull electron from orbit.

Non-ionizing Radiation:
Lower energy electromagnetic waves.
Not enough energy to pull electron from orbit but

can excite the electron.

Radiation which carries enough energy to cause
ionization of the atoms with which it interacts.
Different types of Ionizing radiation
a Alpha Particle
b Beta Particles
g Gamma R
h Neutron Particles
X Rays
Radiation that doesn’t have enough energy needed to
ionize an atom with which it interacts.
 Atom
An atom is the
smallest constituent
unit of ordinary
substance that has
the properties of that
element.
 ELECTRON
NEUTRONS

PROTONS NUCLEUS

Neutrons- Neutral
Electron- Negatively charged
Proton- Positively charged
 Atomic Number (z)
The number of protons (p) in the nucleus of an
atom is called atomic number.

Atomic Mass (A)

Atomic mass is the sum of protons and
neutrons (p + n) in the nucleus of an atom.
 Atoms having the same atomic number but
different mass numbers.
 Hydrogen Isotopes = H 1, H2, H 3 .
1 1 1
 Uranium Isotopes = U 233, U 235, U 238
92 92 92
 Radiation
Radiation is transmission of energy as particles or
as electromagnetic waves from the nucleus of an
atom.
Activity
The activity of a radio active material is a measure
of its spontaneous transformation of energy . It is
define as disintegration per sec.
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles

*
GAMMA
 Radioactivity

Till 1980, its unit was Curie (Ci),

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 dps
New Unit of Radioactivity is Becquerel (Bq)
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (1 dps)
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
 Half - life
•The time taken when the activity of that element
became half of its initial.
•The half life of any element is about 1600 yrs,
which means that a given sample of that element
will disintegrate half in 1600 yrs.
 Half lives of various elements

• URANIUM 238 - 4.55 X 109 YRS

• POLONIUM 210 - 140 DAYS
 An atom contains protons and
neutrons in its nucleus.
 In fission ,The nucleus splits,
either through radioactive
decay or it has been
bombarded by other subatomic
particles known as neutrons.
 The combination of
very light nuclei
 Low in mass number in
to a heavy nuclei
 Along with release of
enormous energy is
called nuclear fusion.
1 H3
+ 1 H2
2 HE 4
+ 0N1
+ 17.6 MeV

1 H2
+ 1 H2
2 HE 3
+ 0 N1
+ 3.2 MeV

1 H2
+ 1 H2
1 HE 3
+ 0 N1
+ 4 MeV
 Chain reaction
•A nuclear chain reaction occurs when one single nuclear
reaction causes an average of one or more subsequent nuclear
reactions,
•Leading to the possibility of a self propagating series of
these reactions.
•The specific nuclear reaction may be the fission of heavy
isotopes (U235 ) .
•The nuclear chain reaction releases several million times
more energy per reaction.
1. Radiation is of how many types? Name them?
2. Which radiation particle has the least penetrating
power?
3. What is the unit of radioactivity?
Now we have discussed.
 Radiation and its types
 Atom, element, atomic no, atomic mass, isotopes
 Ionizing & non ionizing radiation.
 Half life.
 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion and chain reaction