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Chapter 3: Atomic Structure

3.1 Know what is meant by the terms atom and molecule
Atoms
The smallest par,cle of an element is called atom
• An element only consists of one type of atom
Atoms consists of electron, proton and neutron
Atom can take part in chemical reac,ons directly
There are limited types of atom in the earth
Molecules
The smallest par,cle of a compound which formed
when atoms join together by chemical bonds is
called molecule
• Molecule is independently exists par,cle of
compound
Molecule are made up of different types of atom
Molecules cannot take part in chemical reac,on
without breaking up into atoms
There are unlimited types of molecules

3.2 Know the structure of an atom in terms of the posi:ons, rela:ve masses and
rela:ve charges of sub-atomic par:cles
Most of an atom is made up of empty spaces (vacuum)
Atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons
• At the centre of each atom is a very tiny and dense region called the
nucleus
o The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons
• Around the nucleus is a cloud of moving particle called electrons
o Electron shells are the different energy levels that electrons
move round the nucleus
§ nth shell = 2(n2)
Sub-atomic par3cle Symbol Posi3on in atom Rela3ve mass Rela3ve charge
Proton p Inside the nucleus 1 +1
Neutron n Inside the nucleus 1 0
Moving in the shell 1
Electron e- -1
around nucleus 1836
The mass and charge of the subatomic par,cles are very small
• It is not convenient to express the mass in gram, and they are expressed as rela,ve masses

3.3 Know what is meant by the terms atomic number, mass number, isotopes and
rela:ve atomic mass (Ar)
Atomic number: the number of protons and neutrons
Mass number: the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atom

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Isotope: atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutron
• Isotope have similar physical proper,es (e.g. boiling point, density) because physical proper,es depend
on mass and their masses are different
• Isotope have same chemical proper,es (e.g. reac,vity) because chemical proper,es depends on the
number of electrons, and they have same of electrons
Rela,ve Atomic Mass (Ar): Rela,ve atomic mass is the weighted average mass of an atom, taking into account
of each isotope present in natural abundance of an element.
• It is measured by comparing with mass of 1/12th of carbon-12
The “12C = 12.000” scale
The carbon-12 isotope (12C) 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons, is chosen to be the standard atom. The
mass of the carbon-12 isotope is taken to be exactly 12 units (a.m.u. / atomic mass units).
The masses of all other atoms, molecules or ions are then compared with this standard atom to give their
rela,ve masses.

3.4 Be able to calculate the rela:ve atomic mass of an element (Ar) from isotopic
balance
• Rela,ve isotopic mass is numerically same as mass number of isotope (very close to the mass number
of the given isotope)
Sub-atomic par3cle Mass
Proton 1.0072765
Neutron 1.0086649
Electron 0.0005486
Calculate the RIM of a 46Fe isotope.

Rela,ve Atomic Mass (R.A.M.) Formula:

R.A.M. = 𝐚% × 𝐌𝐚 + 𝐛% × 𝐌𝐛 + 𝐜% × 𝐌𝐜 + ⋯ + 𝐱% × 𝐌𝐱 + 𝐲% × 𝐌𝐲 + 𝐳% × 𝐌𝐳

Copper has two naturally occurring isotopes copper-63 (75% abundance) and copper-65 (25% abundance),
calculate the rela,ve atomic mass of copper.