TOPIC 3

ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND

IONS

Ivan HubertR.C.DIZON
ELEAZAR Juan
ivan.juan@materdei.edu.ph
eleazar.dizon@materdei.edu.ph
Intro – The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to

Scientific Theory
Intro – The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

The Atomic Model: a summary

a few more steps

400 BC 1803 1926

Democritus John Dalton Erwin Schrödinger
Intro – The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

• All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

• Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties;
atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.

• Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.

Intro – The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Dalton’s Atomic Theory, continued

• Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to

form chemical compounds.

• In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.

Intro – The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Modern Atomic Theory

• Not all aspects of Dalton’s atomic theory have proven to be correct. We

now know that:
• Atoms are divisible into even smaller particles.
• A given element can have atoms with different masses.

• Some important concepts remain unchanged.

• All matter is composed of atoms.
• Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another
element.
• In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

The Structure of the Atom

Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

The Structure of the Atom

• An atom is the smallest particle of an

element that retains the chemical
properties of that element.
Neutrons Electrons
• The nucleus is a very small region located
at the center of an atom.
Protons
• The nucleus is made up of at least one
positively charged particle called a proton
and usually one or more neutral particles
called neutrons.
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

The Structure of the Atom

• Surrounding the nucleus is a region

occupied by negatively charged particles
called electrons.
• Protons, neutrons, and electrons are often Neutrons Electrons

referred to as subatomic particles.

Protons
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Properties of Subatomic Particles

Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Terms

• net charge – the difference between the number of positive and negative
charges present in a particle (usually an atom or molecule).

• neutral – the number of protons and electrons are equal; thus, the atom
has zero net charge.

• stable – the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus are such that
the atom can exist indefinitely.
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-an-atom
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Composition of the Atomic Nucleus

• Except for the nucleus of the simplest type of hydrogen atom, all atomic
nuclei are made of protons and neutrons.
• A proton has a positive charge equal in magnitude to the negative charge
of an electron.
• Atoms are electrically neutral because they contain equal numbers of
protons and electrons.
• A neutron is electrically neutral.
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Composition of the Atomic Nucleus, continued

• The nuclei of atoms of different elements differ in their number of protons

and therefore in the amount of positive charge they possess.
• Thus, the number of protons determines that atom’s identity.

• Nuclide is a general term for any nuclear species defined by an atomic

number, Z and mass number, A.
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Understanding nuclear symbols

Mass Number (A) Net Charge

A C
X
the total number of the difference between
nucleons (protons and the number of protons
neutrons) in the atom and electrons

Atomic Number (Z)

the number of protons in
the atom Z Element Symbol (X)
the chemical symbol that
represents the element

Property How to find

element check periodic table
# protons Z
# neutrons A–Z
# electrons Z–C
name of nuclide {element}-{mass number}
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Understanding nuclear symbols

24
12 Mg
Property How Value
12 n
element check PT Magnesium 12 p
# protons Z 12 12 e

# neutrons A–Z 24 – 12 = 12

# electrons Z–C 12 – 0 = 12

nuclide {X}-{A} magnesium-24 / Mg-24

Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Understanding nuclear symbols

16
8 O
Property How Value
8n
element check PT 8p
# protons Z 8e

# neutrons A–Z

# electrons Z–C

nuclide {X}-{A}
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Understanding nuclear symbols

16
8 O
Property How Value
8n
element check PT 8p
# protons Z 8e

# neutrons A–Z

# electrons Z–C

nuclide {X}-{A}
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Understanding nuclear symbols

24 2
12 Mg
Property How Value
12 n
element check PT Magnesium 12 p
# protons Z 12 10 e

# neutrons A–Z 24 – 12 = 12

# electrons Z–C 12 – 2 = 10

nuclide {X}-{A} magnesium-24 / Mg-24

Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Understanding nuclear symbols

16 2
8 O
Property How Value
element check PT

# protons Z

# neutrons A–Z

# electrons Z–C

nuclide {X}-{A}
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Understanding nuclear symbols

13 16 3 76 2
6 C 7 N __ __
Property Value Value Value Value
element

# protons

# neutrons

# electrons 20 36

nuclide calcium-40 / Ca-40

Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Understanding nuclear symbols

18  238 40 
9 __ 92 U __ __
Property Value Value Value Value
element

# protons

# neutrons

# electrons 27 18

nuclide copper-63 / Cu-63

 Z=P=E / A = P + N / N = Z-A TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW.

ELEME SYMBO Z A # OF # OF #N NUCL
NT L E P IDE

Al 13 14
Br 35 80
Cu 64 29
Nitrogen 7 7
I 53 127
Carbon 6
Ag 47
Section 1 – The Structure of the Atom TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Comparing Nuclides

• Isotopes are nuclides with the same number of protons (Z), but different
mass numbers (A) and thus neutrons as well.

• Isobars are nuclides that, while different in (Z), have the same mass (A).

• Isotones are nuclides that have the same number of neutrons.

Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Naming Basic Inorganic

Substances
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Contents
1. Single-atom (monatomic) ions
2. Binary ionic compounds
3. Covalent molecular compounds
4. Simple Acids and Bases
• hydroxide bases
• hydracids
5. Oxyacids and oxyanions
6. Ternary ionic compounds
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Monatomic Ions
• cations – particles (atoms or molecules) with a
net positive charge
 3
K Ga

• anions – particles with a net negative charge

2 
S Cl
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Monatomic Ions
• monovalent – atom with only one common ionic charge

 2 
Na S Cl
• polyvalent – atom with more than one common ionic
charge
2 4  3
Pb Pb Au Au
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Monatomic Ions
1. Monovalent cations: element name + ion
 2
Na
sodium ion
Ba
barium ion
Mg Al 3+

2. Polyvalent cations: element name (charge in roman numerals) +

ion *this
system is known as the Stock System
2 3  2
Fe Fe Hg Hg
iron(II) ion iron(III) ion mercury(I) ion mercury(II) ion
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Monatomic Ions
3. Monovalent anions: element prefix + -ide + ion
 3
Cl N
chloride ion nitride ion
anion name anion name
F– Flouride Ion O2–

Br– Bromide Ion S2–

I– P3–

Se2– As3–
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Binary Ionic Compounds

• Ionic compounds result from the transfer of electrons and the

subsequent electrostatic attraction of these particles.
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Binary Ionic Compounds

• Name the cation before the anion

  2 2
Na Cl Ba S
sodium chloride barium sulfide

NaCl BaS
sodium chloride barium sulfide
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Binary Ionic Compounds

• Name the cation before the anion
Na2S AlF3
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Binary Ionic Compounds

• Name the cation before the anion
2  3 
Fe Cl Fe Cl
iron(II) chloride iron(II) chloride

FeCl2 FeCl3
iron(II) chloride iron(III) chloride
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Binary Ionic Compounds

• Name the cation before the anion

PbS PbS2
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Binary Ionic Compounds

• Name the cation before the anion

FeS Fe2S3
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Covalent Molecular Compounds

• Covalent compounds result from the sharing of electrons

Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Number Prefix
Covalent Molecular Compounds
1 mono-
• Count the number of atoms of the first 2 di-
element as a prefix (ignore mono), then use 3 tri-
the name of the element.
4 tetra-
• Count the number of atoms of the second 5 penta-
element as a prefix, then name as you would 6 hexa-
an anion. 7 hepta-
• IUPAC recommends no elision of vowels, 8 octa-
except in the special case of monoxide 9 nona-
10 deca-
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Number Prefix
Covalent Molecular Compounds
1 mono-

CO2 PCl3 2
3
di-
tri-
carbon dioxide phosphorus trichloride
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
N2H4 As4S 4 7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Number Prefix
Covalent Molecular Compounds
1 mono-

S2F10 XeF6 2
3
di-
tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
N2O4 Si2S 4 7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Number Prefix
Covalent Molecular Compounds
1 mono-

P4O10 I4O9 2
3
di-
tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-

As2O5 NH3 7
8
hepta-
octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Acids and Bases

• binary acids or hydracids are acids that are composed of hydrogen and
one another element, no oxygen.
• two naming schemes, one as a pure element (state symbol s, l, g) and
another as a substance in solution (state symbol aq)

HCl(g) HCl(aq)
hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Acids and Bases

• binary acids or hydracids are acids that are composed of hydrogen and
one another element, no oxygen.
• two naming schemes, one as a pure element (state symbol s, l, g) and
another as a substance in solution (state symbol aq)
Formula Pure Aqueous
H2S HYDROGEN (II) SULFIDE HYDROSULFURIC ACID

HBr

HF

H2Se
Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Acids and Bases

• hydroxide bases are named like ionic compounds, except the anion is
hydroxide

NaOH Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)3

Section 2 – Naming Basic Inorganic Substances TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Acids and Bases

• hydroxide bases are named like ionic compounds, except the anion is
hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 HgOH

Al(OH)3 Hg(OH)2
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Oxyacids and Oxyanions

Oxyacids contain oxygen aside form hydrogen and another element. They
lose their hydrogen atoms in solution to form oxyanions. This produces
more possibilities of combinations, and thus requires a more involved
naming scheme:
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Oxyacids and Oxyanions

1. Identify the other element present in the oxyacid/oxyanion that is not H or

O. This is going to be the basis for the reference acid.

HBO3 HNO3 H2SO4 HClO3

boric acid nitric acid sulfuric acid chloric acid
H2CO3 H3PO4 H2SeO4 HBrO3
carbonic acid phosphoric acid selenic acid bromic acid
H4SiO4 H3AsO4 H2TeO4 HIO3
silicic acid arsenic acid telluric acid iodic acid
HAtO3
astatic acid
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Oxyacids and Oxyanions

2. Compare the number of oxygens in the oxyacid/oxyanion to the

reference acid to decide on the appropriate suffix and prefix. Also note
that the charge of the oxyanion is equal to the number of H atoms lost
from the oxyacid.
Oxyacid Oxyanion
Formula Name Formula Name
1 more O HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4– perchlorate
REFERENCE HClO3 chloric acid ClO3– chlorate
1 less O HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2– chlorite
2 less O HClO hypochlorous acid ClO– hypochlorite
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Element Root Element Root

Oxyacids and Oxyanions HBO3 bor- H2SO4 sulfur- / sulf-
H2CO3 carbon- H2SeO4 selen-

H2TeO3 H4SiO4
HNO3
silic-
nitr-
H2TeO4
HClO3
tellur-
chlor-
H3PO4 phosphor- HBrO3 brom-
H3AsO4 arsen- HIO3 iod-
HAtO3 astat-

2
TeO 3 +1 O
Oxyacid
per____ic acid
Oxyanion
per____ate
REF ____ic acid ____ate
–1 O ____ous acid ____ite
–2 O hypo____ous acid hypo____ite
 TOPIC 3
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Element Root Element Root

Oxyacids and Oxyanions HBO3 bor- H2SO4 sulfur- / sulf-
H2CO3 carbon- H2SeO4 selen-

H3PO3 H4SiO4
HNO3
silic-
nitr-
H2TeO4
HClO3
tellur-
chlor-
H3PO4 phosphor- HBrO3 brom-
H3AsO4 arsen- HIO3 iod-
HAtO3 astat-


ClO +1 O
Oxyacid
per____ic acid
Oxyanion
per____ate
REF ____ic acid ____ate
–1 O ____ous acid ____ite
–2 O hypo____ous acid hypo____ite
 TOPIC 3
Ternary Ionic Stock
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Compound Name
SbAsO4 antimony(III) arsenate
SbAsO3 antimony(III) arsenite
Sb(BrO3)3 antimony(III) bromate
Sb(BrO2)3 antimony(III) bromite
 TOPIC 3
Ternary Ionic Stock
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Compound Name
Cr2(TeO4)3 chromium(III) tellurate
Cr2(TeO3)3
Co(OH)2
Co(BrO)2