Sub atomic particles Hydrogen spectrum BOHR'S MODEL OF AN ATOM TOWARDS QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

Electron . Electron in H atom can move around the nucleus in a circular

charge of an e-
–1.6022 × 10–19 c
path of fixed radius DUAL NATURE OF MATTER HEISENBERG'S
J.J. THOMSON Mass of an e– . Each orbit has a definite energy and is known as energy • Every microscopic particle in the motion UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE
–9.1 × 10 31 kg level or stationary level. has dual nature (wave and particle
• Discovered electron(s–) nature) and produce matter waves.
It is impossible to measure
Proton . When an electron jumps from a lower energy level to to simultaneously the exact momentum
• Proposed plum pudding Model charge of a proton (p+) higher one, energy is absorbed and vice versa. and exact position of a microscopic
+1.6 × 10-19 c 27 • wavelength of matter waves moving particle.
(De=Broglie's wavelength)
Mass of a p+ . Angular momentum of electron h
ELECTRON 1.6 × 10 kg h h ∆X . ∆P ≥
= mevr = n
h
n = 1, 2, 3 λ= = 7π
POSITIVE SPACE
Neutron 2π mv p
Discovered by James n2 ° Z2
Radius (r) = 0.529 × A Energy (E) = -13.6 × ev
Chadwick. Charge Z n2
on Neutron is 0.
Z
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Mass of a Neutron is Velocity (v) = 2.18 × 10 ×
6
m/sec
n
ERNEST 1.6 × 10 27kg
. Fundamental equation was developed by Schrodinger know as
RUTHERFORD Schrodinger wave equation.
SERIES
• Discovered proton (P ) +
LIMITATION d2ψ d 2ψ d2 ψ 8π2m
• a-partical experiment + + + (E - U)ψ = 0
Lyman n1 = 1 n2 = 2, 3... dx2 dy2 dz2 h2
• Proposed Rutherford's
n1 = 2 n2 = 3, 4... . Applicable to only one e- system eg: H, He+
model of an atom (1911) Balmer . The electrons in an atom have quantized values of energy.
• Atom consist of two parts n2 = 4, 5...
Paschen n1 = 3 . It could not explain Zeeman effect and stark effect. . By evaluating ψ2 at different points around the nucleus in aN
nucleus and extra nucleus
part Bracket n1 = 4 n2 = 5, 6... atom, we can predict the probability of finding the electron.
NUCLEUS Pfund n1 = 5 n2 = 6, 7...
+
STRUCTURE QUANTUM NUMBER
ORBIT

. Wavelength of radiation emitted when an

e- jumps from n2 to n1. 1. Principle quantum No. (n) = 1, 2, 3, 4... shell = K, L, M, N
1 = R Z2 1 - 1
λ H n12 n22
OF ATOM 2. Azimuthal Quantum No. (l) = for given value of n, l can have
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVE THEORY RH = Rydberg’s constant
values from 0 to n - 1)
= 109677 cm-1 3. Magnetic quantum no. (m) = for subshells with 'l' value,
. Wavelength: Distance between successive crest and trough
m can have values from -l to +l and Total value of m= 2l + 1
. Frequency: Number of waves passed through ENERGY LEVEL 4. Spin quantum number = s = + 1 , - 1
a point in 1 sec. c PLANK'S THEORY 2
λ= 2
υ
Light travells in the form of small energy packets
known as "Photons".
NODES
x E = hυ
Where h = Plank’s Constant RULES FOR Space or region, wher finding the
probability of e- is zero
h = 6.623 × 10–34 Js ARRANGING ELECTRONS
TYPES:- • Radial node = (n - l -1)
λ
Electric field PHOTOELECTRIC • Angular node = l
(a) Aufbau principle: Electrons • Total node = n - 1
BLACK BODY EFFECT
occupy lowest energy level
A Ejection of
RADIATION Beam of electron
First and then move to the next
Magnetic field energy level.
Direction of
A perfect obsorber or
light
(b) Pauli Exclusion principle: No two s-SHAPE OF
z
propogation emitter of light. e- can have same set of all 4 ORBITALS
i.e Absorber or emits all W0 = Hυ0 quantuM numbers. y
type of frequency/
Hυ = W0 + K.E. (c) Hund's rule: If two or more
radiation orbitals of equal energy
E = hυ0 + K.E.
available, then electron will
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC occupy them singly before filled
x

SPECTRUM in pairs. Z
. Electromagnetic spectrum is a collection
ATOMIC SPECTRA p- ORBITALS 1s orbital
CHARACTERISITICS space electromagnetic waves arranged (DUMBELL SHAPE)
OF WAVE according to frequency and wavelength. EMISSION
ABSORPTION
d-ORBITALS ( Double Dumbell shape )
(a) Wavelength (λ) . Wavelength of visible light is from 400nm SPECTRA y y y
y z
to 750nm.
Spectrum of the SPECTRA z
y y
(b) wave no. (υ−) Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
(c) Frequency (υ)
Increasing Frequency (v)
Radio Infra- visible radiation emitted emitted or absorbed by an It is like x x x
(d) Time Period (T)
Micro UV- x- Gamma Cosmic
waves waves red light rays rays rays
x x
rays
by a substance electron during transition photographic x x
(e) Velocity (c)
that has absorbed from one energy level to negative of an z z z
(f) Amplitude (A)
Increasing wavelength(λ) energy emission spectra 2px 3dy zpz 3dxy 3dyz 3dz2
another 3dxz 3dx2 - y
2

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001