F or mul ae S heet for P hy si cs www. concept s- o f-phy si cs. com | pg.

Physics formulas from Mechanics , Waves , Optics , Heat and Motion in a straight line with constant a:
Thermodynamics , Electricity and Magnetism and Modern
1 2
Physics . Also includes
By Parmar Sirthe value of Physical Constants . Helps v = u + at, s = ut + 2 at , v 2 − u2 = 2 as
in quick revision for CBSE , NEET , JEE Mains , and Advanced .
Relative Velocity: vA/B = vA − vB
0.1: Physical Constants

Speed oflight c 3 × 108 m/ s

u
Planck constant h 6.63 × 10− 34 J s y

u sin θ
hc 1242 eV-nm H
x
Projectile Motion:
Gravitation constant G 6.67× 10− 11 m3 kg− 1 s− 2 θ
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10− 23 J / K O u cos θ
Molar gas constant R 8.314 J / (mol K) R

Avogadro’s number NA 6.023 × 1023 mol− 1

Charge of electron e 1.602 × 10− 19 C x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 12 gt2
Permeability of vac- µ0 4π × 10− 7 N/ A 2 g
y = x tan θ − x2
uum 2u cos2 θ
2

Permitivity of vacuum 0 8.85 × 10− 12 F / m 2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2 sin 2 θ

T = , R = , H =
Coulomb constant 1
4π 0 9 × 109 N m 2 / C 2 g g 2g
Faraday constant F 96485 C/ mol
Mass of electron me 9.1 × 10− 31 kg 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction
Mass of proton mp 1.6726 × 10− 27 kg
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749 × 10− 27 kg Linear momentum: =p mv
Atomic mass unit u 1.66 × 10− 27 kg
Atomic mass unit u 931.49 MeV / c2 Newton’s first law: inertial frame.
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.67× 10− 8 W / (m 2 K 4 ) d p
Newton’s second law: F = dt , F = ma
constant
7 −1
Rydberg constant R∞ 1.097 × 10 m Newton’s third law: F AB = − F BA
Bohr magneton µB 9.27 × 10− 24 J / T
Bohr radius a0 0.529 × 10− 10 m Frictional force: f static, max = µ s N, f kinetic = µk N
Standard atmosphere atm 1 .01325 × 105 Pa
v2 v2 µ +tan θ
Wien displacement b 2.9 × 10− 3 m K Banking angle: rg = tan θ, rg = 1− µ tan θ
constant
2
mv v2
Centripetal force: Fc = r , ac = r
2
mv
1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: F pseudo = − ma 0 , F centrifugal = − r

Minimum speed to complete vertical circle:

1.1: Vectors
vmin, bottom = 5gl, v min, top = gl
Notation: a = a x ı̂ + a y ˆ + a z k̂

Magnitude: a = |a| = a 2x + a 2y + a 2z θ
l
l cos θ
Conical pendulum: T = 2π θ T
Dot product: a · b = a x bx + a y by + a z bz = abcos θ g

ı̂ mg
a × b b
Cross product:
θ k̂ ˆ
a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
a × b = ( a y bz − a z by )ˆı + ( a z bx − a x bz )ˆ + ( a x by − a y bx ) k̂ Work: W = F · S = F S cos θ, W = F · dS

|a × b| = absin θ Kinetic energy: K = 1 2 p2

2 mv = 2m

Potential energy: F = − ∂U/∂x for conservative forces.

1.2: Kinematics
1 2
U gravitational = mgh, U spring = 2 kx
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.:

vav = ∆ r/ ∆ t, v inst = dr/dt Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-

dent and depends only on initial and final points:
a av = ∆ v/ ∆ t a inst = dv/dt F conservative · dr = 0.

Work-energy theorem: W =∆ K

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Mechanical energy: E = U + K . Conserved ifforces are Rotation about an axis with constant α:
conservative in nature.
2
ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 1
2 αt , ω 2 − ω0 2 = 2 αθ
∆W
Power P av = ∆t , P inst = F · v

Moment of Inertia: I = mi r i 2 , I = r 2 dm
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision i

xi mi x dm 1
mr 2
Centre of mass: x cm = mi , x cm = dm mr 2 1
2 mr 2 2
3 mr 2 2
5 mr 2 1
12 ml 2 mr 2
2 m ( a 2 + b2 )
12

b
a
CM offew useful configurations: ring disk shell sphere rod hollow solid rectangle

m1 r m2
1. m 1 , m 2 separated by r : C
m2r m1r I Ic
m1+ m2 m1+ m2 2
Theorem of Parallel Axes: I = I cm + md d
cm
h
2. Triangle (CM Centroid) yc = 3 h
C
h
3
z y
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
2r
x
3. Semicircular ring: yc = π
C
2r
r π

Radius of Gyration: k= I/m

4r
4. Semicircular disc: yc = 3π C 4r
r 3π Angular Momentum: L = r × p, L = Iω
r
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = 2 C r
dL
y
P θ
r 2
Torque: τ = r × F, τ = dt , τ = Iα F
r x
O
3r
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 8 C 3r
r 8
Conservation of L : τext = 0 = L = const.
7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/ 4 for Equilibrium condition: F = 0, τ = 0
the solid cone and h/ 3 for the hollow cone.
1 2
Kinetic Energy: K rot = 2 Iω

Motion of the CM: M = mi Dynamics:

m i vi F ext τcm = I cm α , F ext = ma cm , pcm = mv cm

vcm = , pcm = M v cm , a cm = 1 2 1 2
M M K = 2 mv cm + 2 I cm ω , L = I cm +ω r cm × mv cm

Impulse: J = F dt = ∆ p
1.7: Gravitation
Before collision After collision
Collision: m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 F F m2
Gravitational force: F = G m r1 m
2
2

v1 v2 v1 v2 r
Momentum conservation: m 1 v1 + m 2 v2 = m 1 v1 + m 2 v2
2 2 GM m
Elastic Collision: 12 m 1 v1 2 + 12 m 2 v2 2 = 12 m 1 v1 + 12 m 2 v2 Potential energy: U = − r
Coefficient of restitution: GM
Gravitational acceleration: g= R2
− ( v1 − v2 ) 1, completely elastic M̂
e= = 2h
v1 − v2 0, completely in-elastic Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 − R

h
M̂
Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 − R
If v2 = 0 and m 1 m 2 then v1 = − v1 .
If v2 = 0 and m 1 m 2 then v2 = 2 v1 . Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:
Elastic collision with m 1 = m 2 : v1 = v2 and v2 = v1 . gat pole > g at equator ( R e − R p ≈ 21 km)

Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:

1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics
∆θ dθ
Angular velocity: ωav = ∆t, ω= dt , v= ×ω r
∆ω dω
Angular Accel.: α av = ∆t , α = dt , a= ×α r

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ω A
Superposition of two SHM’s: A2
mω 2 R cos θ
δ
mg
mgθ = mg − mω2 R cos2 θ A1
θ
R
x 1 = A 1 sin ωt, x 2 = A 2 sin( ωt + δ)
x = x 1 + x 2 = A sin( ωt + )
GM
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = R A = A 1 2 + A 2 2 + 2 A 1 A 2 cos δ
A 2 sin δ
Escape velocity: ve = 2GM tan =
R A 1 + A 2 cos δ
vo
Kepler’s laws: 1.9: Properties of Matter
a
F/A ∆P F
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. Modulus of rigidity: Y = ∆ l/l , B = −V ∆V , η= Aθ
Second: Areal velocity is constant. ( dL/ dt = 0). 1 1 dV
4π 2 3 Compressibility: K = = −
Third: T 2 a 3 . In circular orbit T 2 = GM a . B V dP

lateral strain ∆ D/D

Poisson’s ratio: σ= longitudinal strain = ∆ l/l

1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion 1

Elastic energy: U = 2 stress × strain × volume
Hooke’s law: F = − kx (for small elongation x .)
d2 x k
Acceleration: a= dt 2 = − m x = − ω2 x Surface tension: S = F/l
2π m
Time period: T = ω = 2π k
Surface energy: U = SA

Displacement: x = A sin( ωt + φ) Excess pressure in bubble:

√
Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ± ω A 2 − x 2 ∆ pair = 2 S/R, ∆ psoap = 4 S/R

2S cos θ
Capillary rise: h= rρg

Potential energy: U = 1 2 U
2 kx x
−A 0 A
Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh
1 2 K
Kinetic energy K = 2 mv x Buoyant force: F B = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid
−A 0 A
Equation of continuity: A 1 v1 = A 2 v2 v1
v2
1 2 2
Total energy: E = U+ K = 2 mω A
1 2
Bernoulli’s equation: p+ 2 ρv + ρgh = constant
√
Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = 2gh
l
Simple pendulum: T = 2π g l
dv
Viscous force: F = − ηA dx

F
I
Physical Pendulum: T = 2π mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6 πηrv
v

Volume flow πpr 4 r

I Poiseuilli’s equation: =
Torsional Pendulum T = 2π k
time 8ηl
l

2r 2 ( ρ− σ ) g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9η

1 1 1
Springs in series: k eq = k1 + k2
k1 k2

Springs in parallel: k eq = k 1 + k 2 k2
k1

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2 Waves 4. 1st overtone/2 nd harmonics: ν1 = 2

2L
T
µ

2.1: Waves Motion 5. 2nd overtone/3 rd harmonics: ν2 = 3 T

2L µ
2 2
∂ y 1 ∂ y
General equation of wave: ∂x 2 = v 2 ∂t 2 . 6. All harmonics are present.

Notation: Amplitude A , Frequency ν, Wavelength λ , Pe-

riod T , Angular Frequency ω, Wave Number k, L

1 2π 2π
T = = , v = νλ, k = String fixed at one end: N A
ν ω λ A N

λ/ 2
Progressive wave travelling with speed v:
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0
y = f ( t − x/v ) , + x; y = f ( t + x/v ) , −x
2. Allowed Freq.: L = (2 n + 1) λ4 , ν = 2n +1
4L
T
µ , n =
y 0, 1, 2, . . . .
A
x st 1 T
λ λ 3. Fundamental/1 harmonics: ν0 = 4L µ
Progressive sine wave: 2

3 T
4. 1st overtone/3 rd harmonics: ν1 = 4L µ
y = A sin( kx − ωt) = A sin(2 π ( x/λ − t/T ))
5 T
5. 2nd overtone/5 th harmonics: ν2 = 4L µ

2.2: Waves on a String 6. Only odd harmonics are present.

Speed of waves on a string with mass per unit length µ
and tension T : v = T /µ √
1 √1 n T
Sonometer: ν L , ν T, ν µ . ν= 2L µ
2 2 2
Transmitted power: P av = 2 π µvA ν

Interference: 2.3: Sound Waves

y1 = A 1 sin( kx − ωt) , y 2 = A 2 sin( kx − ωt + δ) Displacement wave: s = s 0 sin ω( t − x/v )

y = y1 + y2 = A sin( kx − ωt + ) Pressure wave: p = p0 cos ω( t − x/v ) , p0 = ( Bω/v ) s 0

A = A 1 2 + A 2 2 + 2 A 1 A 2 cos δ Speed of sound waves:

A 2 sin δ
tan = B Y γP
A 1 + A 2 cos δ vliquid = , v solid = , v gas =
ρ ρ ρ
2nπ, constructive;
δ=
(2n + 1) π, destructive .
2π 2 B p0 2 v p0 2
Intensity: I = v s02ν2 = 2B = 2ρv
2 A cos kx

x
Standing Waves: A N A N A
Standing longitudinal waves:
λ/ 4
p1 = p0 sin ω( t − x/v ) , p2 = p0 sin ω( t + x/v )
y1 = A 1 sin( kx − ωt) , y 2 = A 2 sin( kx + ωt) p = p1 + p2 = 2 p0 cos kx sin ωt
y = y1 + y2 = (2 A cos kx ) sin ωt
M̂
n + 12 λ2 , nodes; n = 0 , 1, 2, . . .
x=
n λ2 , antinodes. n = 0 , 1, 2, . . .
L
Closed organ pipe:
L

String fixed at both ends: N N

A N A

λ/ 2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
λ v
2. Allowed freq.: L = (2 n + 1) 4, ν = (2 n + 1) 4L , n =
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L
0, 1, 2, . . .
2. Allowed Freq.: L = n λ2 , ν = n
2L
T
µ , n = 1 , 2, 3, . . . . 3. Fundamental/1 st
harmonics: ν0 = v
4L
st 1 T 3v
3. Fundamental/1 harmonics: ν0 = 2L µ 4. 1st overtone/3 rd harmonics: ν1 = 3 ν0 = 4L

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5v
5. 2nd overtone/5 th harmonics: ν2 = 5 ν0 = 4L S1 P
dy y
Path ∆x = D d θ
6. Only odd harmonics are present.
S2 D

2π
Phase δ= λ ∆x
A

N Interference Conditions: for integer n,

Open organ pipe: L A
2nπ, constructive;
N δ=
(2n + 1) π, destructive ,
A

1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
nλ, constructive;
Allowed freq.: L = n λ2 , ν = n 4Lv , n = 1 , 2, . . . ∆x = 1
n+ 2 λ, destructive
st v
2. Fundamental/1 harmonics: ν0 = 2L
2v Intensity:
3. 1st overtone/2 nd harmonics: ν1 = 2 ν0 = 2L

4. 2nd overtone/3 rd harmonics: ν2 = 3 ν0 = 3v I = I1 + I2 +2 I 1 I 2 cos δ,

2L
2 2
5. All harmonics are present. I max = I1 + I2 , I min = I1 − I2
I 1 = I 2 : I = 4 I 0 cos2 2δ , I max = 4 I 0 , I min = 0
l1 + d

λD
Fringe width: w= d
l2 + d

Resonance column: Optical path: ∆ x = µ∆ x

Interference of waves transmitted through thin film:

λ 3λ
l1 + d = 2, l2 + d = 4 , v = 2( l 2 − l 1 ) ν
nλ, constructive;
∆ x = 2 µd = 1
Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies ω1 ≈ ω2 n+ 2 λ, destructive .

p1 = p0 sin ω1 ( t − x/v ) , p2 = p0 sin ω2 ( t − x/v )

y
p = p1 + p2 = 2 p0 cos ∆ ω( t − x/v ) sin ω( t − x/v ) n from a single slit: b θ
y
ω = ( ω1 + ω2 ) / 2, ∆ ω = ω1 − ω2 (beats freq.)
D
For Minima: nλ = bsin θ ≈ b( y/D )
Doppler
1. 22 λ
Resolution: sin θ =
v + uo b
ν= ν0
v − us θ
Law of Malus: I = I 0 cos2 θ I0 I
where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, u0 is
the speed of the observer w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the source and
negative when it moves away from the source, and us
is the speed of the source w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the observer and
negative when it moves away from the observer.

2.4: Light Waves Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com

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to buy our book “IIT JEE Physics (1978-2018: 41
Plane Wave: E = E 0 sin ω( t − v ), I = I 0 Year) Topic-wise Complete Solutions”. Written by
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Spherical Wave: E = r
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sin ω( t − v ), I = r2

Young’s double slit experiment

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3 Optics Lens maker’s formula: 1

f = ( µ − 1) 1
R1 − 1
R2

3.1: Reflection of Light f

1 1 1 v
normal
Lens formula: v − u = f , m= u
Laws of reflection: (i)
incident i r reflected
u v
Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same 1
plane (ii) i = r Power of the lens: P = f , P in diopter if f in metre.

Two thin lenses separated by distance d:

Plane mirror:
d d
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir- 1 1 1 d
= + − d
ror (ii) virtual image of real object F f1 f2 f 1f 2
f1 f2

I
Spherical Mirror: O
f 3.3: Optical Instruments
v
u
Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment.
1. Focal length f = R/ 2 Objective Eyepiece
1 1 1
2. Mirror equation: v + u = f
O ∞
3. Magnification: m = − uv Compound microscope:
u v fe

3.2: Refraction of Light D

v D
Refractive index: µ= speed oflight in vacuum
= c 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = u fe
speed oflight in medium v
1 2µ sin θ
2. Resolving power: R = ∆d = λ
incident reflected
sin i µ2 i
Snell’s Law: sin r = µ1
µ1
fo fe
µ2
r refracted

Astronomical telescope:
real depth d d
Apparent depth: µ= apparent depth = d d I
O

Critical angle: θc = sin − 1 1

µ
µ 1. In normal adjustment: m = − fo
fe , L = fo + fe
θc
1 1
2. Resolving power: R = ∆θ = 1. 22 λ

A 3.4: Dispersion
δ
Deviation by a prism: i r i Cauchy’s equation: µ = µ0 + A
, A> 0
r λ2

µ Dispersion by prism with small A and i :

1. Mean deviation: δy = ( µ y − 1)A

δ = i + i − A, general result
sin A +2δm 2. Angular dispersion: θ = ( µ v − µ r ) A
µ= , i = i for minimum deviation
sin A2 Dispersive power: ω= µv − µr
≈ θ
(if A and i small)
µy − 1 δy
δ
δm = ( µ − 1)A, for small A δm A µ
Dispersion without deviation:
i i
µ A

( µ y − 1)A + ( µ y − 1)A = 0
µ1 µ2

Refraction at spherical surface: Deviation without dispersion:

P O Q ( µv − µr ) A = ( µv − µr ) A
u v

µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1 µ1 v
− = , m=
v u R µ2 u

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4 Heat and Thermodynamics 4.4: Theromodynamic Processes

4.1: Heat and Temperature First law of thermodynamics: ∆Q =∆ U +∆ W

Temp. scales: F = 32 + 9 Work done by the gas:

5 C, K = C + 273 .16
V2
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles ∆ W = p∆ V, W = pdV
M̂ V1
van der Waals equation: p + Va2 ( V − b) = nRT
V2
W isothermal = nRT ln
Thermal expansion: L = L 0 (1 + α∆ T ) , V1
A = A 0 (1 + β∆ T ) , V = V0 (1 + γ ∆ T ) , γ = 2 β = 3 α W isobaric = p( V2 − V1 )
F ∆l p1 V1 − p2 V2
Thermal stress of a material: A = Y l W adiabatic =
γ− 1
W isochoric = 0
4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases
General: M = mN A , k = R/N A T1
Q1
n Efficiency of the heat engine: W
Q2
Maxwell distribution of speed: T2

vp v̄ v rms v work done by the engine Q 1 − Q 2

η= =
heat supplied to it Q1
3kT 3RT
RMS speed: vrms = m = M
Q2 T2
ηcarnot = 1 − =1 −
Q1 T1
8kT 8RT
Average speed: v̄ = πm = πM
T1
Q1
Most probable speed: vp = 2kT Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: W
m
Q2
1 T2
2
Pressure: p= 3 ρvrms Q2 Q2
COP = W = Q1− Q2
Equipartition of energy: K = 12 kT for each degree of
∆Q f ∆Q
freedom. Thus, K = f Entropy: ∆S = , S f − Si =
2 kT for molecule having f de- T i T
grees offreedoms.
Q Tf
Const. T : ∆ S = T , Varying T : ∆ S = ms ln Ti
f
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = 2 nRT .
Adiabatic process: ∆ Q = 0, pV γ = constant

4.3: Specific Heat

4.5: Heat Transfer
Q
Specific heat: s= m∆ T ∆Q ∆T
Conduction: ∆t = − KA x
Latent heat: L = Q/m x
Thermal resistance: R = KA
∆Q
Specific heat at constant volume: Cv = n∆ T
V 1 x1 x2 K K A
R series = R 1 + R 2 = A K 1 + K 2
1 2

∆Q x1 x2
Specific heat at constant pressure: Cp = n∆ T
p
K 2
A2
1 1 1 1
Relation between C p and C v : C p − C v = R R parallel
= R1 + R2 = x (K 1A 1 + K 2A 2) K 1
A1

x
Ratio of specific heats: γ = C p /C v
emissive power E body
Relation between U and C v : ∆ U = nC v ∆ T Kirchhoff ’s Law: absorptive power = a body = E blackbody

Specific heat of gas mixture: E λ

Wien’s displacement law: λm T = b

n1 C v 1 + n2 C v 2 n 1 C p1 + n 2 C p2
Cv = , γ = λ
n1 + n2 n1 C v 1 + n2 C v 2 λm

∆Q 4
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f2 RT , Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆t = σeAT
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas. dT
Newton’s law of cooling: dt = − bA( T − T 0 )

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5 Electricity and Magnetism 5.3: Capacitors

5.1: Electrostatics Capacitance: C = q/V

1 q1 q2 −q +q
Coulomb’s law: F = r̂ q1 r q2
4π 0 r2 Parallel plate capacitor: C = 0 A/d
A A
q
d
1
Electric field: E (r ) = 4π r2 r̂ q E
0 r
r2
1 q1 q2
Electrostatic energy: U = − 4π 0 r Spherical capacitor: C = 4π 0 r 1 r 2
−q +q
r2− r1
r1
1 q
Electrostatic potential: V = 4π 0 r

r
dV = − E · r, V (r ) = − E · dr 2π 0 l
∞ Cylindrical capacitor: C = ln( r 2 /r 1 )
r2
l
r1
p
Electric dipole moment: =p qd −q +q
d A
Capacitors in parallel: C eq = C 1 + C 2 C1 C2
B
1 p cos θ V (r )
Potential of a dipole: V = 4π r2
θ r
1 1 1
0
p Capacitors in series: C eq = C1 + C2
C1 C2
A B

Er Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor:

Field of a dipole: θ r
2
F = 2AQ 0
Eθ
p
1 2p cos θ 1 p sin θ 1 2 Q2 1
Er = 4π r3 , E θ = 4π r3
Energy stored in capacitor: U = 2 CV = 2C = 2 QV
0 0

1 2
Torque on a dipole placed in E: τ = ×p E Energy density in electric field E : U/V = 2 0E

0 KA
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E : U = − · pE Capacitor with dielectric: C = d

5.2: Gauss’s Law and its Applications 5.4: Current electricity

Electric flux: φ= E · dS Current density: j = i/A = σE
1 eE i
Gauss’s law: E · dS = qin / 0 Drift speed: vd = 2 m τ = neA

Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis: Resistance of a wire: R = ρl/A , where ρ = 1 /σ
1 qx a
EP = 4π ( a2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2 q E Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R 0 (1 + α∆ T )
0
x P
Ohm’s law: V = iR
E and V of a uniformly charged sphere:
1 Qr Kirchhoff ’s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
E = 4π 0 R 3 , for r < R E
1 Q sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
2 , for r ≥ R O
r
4π 0 r R i.e., Σ node I i = 0. (ii) The Loop Law: The algebraic
Q r2
M̂ sum of all the potential differences along a closed loop
8π 0 R 3− R2 , for r < R V
V= 1 Q in a circuit is zero i.e., Σ loop ∆ Vi = 0.
4π 0 r , for r ≥ R O
r
R
1 1 1 A
Resistors in parallel: R = R1 + R2 R 1 R 2
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: eq
B
0, for r < R E
E = 1 Q Resistors in series: R eq = R 1 + R 2
4π 0 r 2 , for r ≥ R O
r A
R 1 R 2
B
R
1 Q
4π R , for r < R V R R
V = 1
0
Q
1 2

4π r , for r ≥ R r G
0 O R Wheatstone bridge:
R 3 R 4

λ
Field of a line charge: E = 2π 0 r
V
Balanced if R 1 /R 2 = R 3 /R 4 .
σ
Field of an infinite sheet: E = 2 0
Electric Power: P = V 2 /R = I 2 R = IV
σ
Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = 0

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i ig G i Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B:

Galvanometer as an Ammeter: i − ig U = − ·µB
S
i gG = ( i − i g) S Bi l B
Hall effect: Vw = ned w
y
x
R G i d z
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter:
A ig B
VAB = i g ( R + G )
5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current
R C
i B
Charging of capacitors: µ 0 i dl × r
Biot-Savart law: dB = 4π r3 θ
r
V dl
t
q( t) = CV 1 − e− RC

θ2
C
t Field due to a straight conductor: i
d
Discharging of capacitors: q( t) = q0 e− RC
q( t )
B
θ1
R
µ0 i
B = 4πd (cos θ1 − cos θ2 )
Time constant in RC circuit: τ = RC
µ0 i
Field due to an infinite straight wire: B = 2πd

∆H Peltier heat
Peltier effect: emf e = ∆Q = charge transferred . dF µ0 i1 i2 i1 i2
Force between parallel wires: dl = 2πd

e d
Seeback effect: T
T0 Tn Ti
a
P
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 1 2 Field on the axis of a ring:
2 bT
i B
d
2. Thermoelectric power: d e/ dt = a + bT.
µ 0 ia 2
3. Neutral temp.: T n = − a/b. BP = 2( a 2 + d 2 ) 3 / 2
4. Inversion temp.: T i = − 2a/b.
a
µ 0 iθ
∆H Thomson heat Field at the centre of an arc: B = i
Thomson effect: emf e = ∆Q = charge transferred = σ∆ T . 4πa B θ
a
Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is
µ0 i
Field at the centre of a ring: B = 2a
1
m = Zit = F Eit
Ampere’s law: B · dl = µ 0 I in
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C / g is Field inside a solenoid: B = µ 0 ni, n = N
l
Faraday constant. l

µ 0 Ni
5.5: Magnetism Field inside a toroid: B = 2πr r

Lorentz force on a moving charge: F = qv × B + qE

B
Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: 2

v Field of a bar magnet: d

S N B 1
mv 2πm
q r = qB , T = qB d
r µ 0 2M µ0 M
B B1 = 4π d 3 , B2= 4π d 3

B Horizontal B h
Force on a current carrying wire: l
Angle of dip: B h = B cos δ δ

B v B
F i

F = il× B Tangent galvanometer: B h tan θ = µ 0 ni

, i = K tan θ
2r
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole): k
Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = kθ, i = nAB θ
µA
=µ i A
i I
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2π MB h

Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B: τ = ×µB

Permeability: B = µH

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C
5.7: Electromagnetic Induction R
1
Z
RC circuit: i ωC
φ
Magnetic flux: φ= B · dS
˜
e 0 sin ωt
1
R

Faraday’s law: e= − dφ Z = R 2 + (1 /ωC ) 2 , tan φ = ωCR

dt

Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B -field that op- L R R

poses the change in magnetic flux. LR circuit: i
ωL
φ

+ √ ωL
˜
e 0 sin ωt
Z

Z = R 2 + ω2 L 2 , tan φ = R
Motional emf: e = Blv l v B

− L C R 1
Z
LCR Circuit: i
ωC
φ
1
ωC − ωL

˜
di
Selfinductance: φ = Li, e = −L dt ωL R
e 0 sin ωt
M̂2
L = µ 0 n 2 ( πr 2 l)
1
Selfinductance of a solenoid: Z = R2 + 1
− ωL , tan φ = ωC − ωL
ωC R
t 1 1
Growth of current in LR circuit: i = e
1 − e− L/R νresonance = 2π LC
R
i
L R Power factor: P = erms i rms cos φ
e 0. 63 Re

˜ ˜
N1 e1 e1 N1 N2 e2
S i L
t Transformer: N2 = e2 , e 1 i 1 = e2 i 2
R
i1 i2
t
− √
Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0e L/R
Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1 / µ0 0
L R i
i0

0. 37 i 0
t
S i L
R

Time constant of LR circuit: τ = L/R

1 2
Energy stored in an inductor: U = 2 Li

U B2
Energy density of B field: u = V = 2µ 0

di
Mutual inductance: φ = M i, e = −M dt

EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = N ABω sin ωt

i
Alternating current: t
T
i = i 0 sin( ωt + φ) , T = 2 π/ω
1 T
Average current in AC: ī = T 0
i dt = 0

T 1/ 2 i2
RMS current: i rms = 1
i 2 dt = √i 0 t
T 0 2
T

Energy: E = i rms 2 RT Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com

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Capacitive reactance: Xc = ωC Year) Topic-wise Complete Solutions”. Written by
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Inductive reactance: X L = ωL by Students.
Imepedance: Z = e0 /i 0

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6 Modern Physics N0
N

Population at time t: N = N 0 e− λt N 0
6.1: Photo-electric effect 2

O t1/ 2 t
Photon’s energy: E = hν = hc/λ

Photon’s momentum: p = h/λ = E/c Halflife: t 1/ 2 = 0 .693/λ

Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: K max = hν − φ Average life: tav = 1 /λ

Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: ν0 = φ/h Population after n halflives: N = N 0 / 2n .

V0 Mass defect: ∆ m = [ Zm p + ( A − Z ) m n ] − M
hc 1
M̂ φ hc
Stopping potential: Vo = e λ − e
e
Binding energy: B = [ Zm p + ( A − Z ) m n − M ] c2
φ 1
φ hc λ
− e
Q -value: Q = Ui − Uf
de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
Energy released in nuclear reaction: ∆E = ∆ mc2
where ∆ m = m reactants − m products .
6.2: The Atom
Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit: 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors

mZ 2 e4 13.6Z 2 D
En = − , E n = − eV Half Wave Rectifier:
8 0 2 h2 n 2 n2
˜
R Output

Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit:

2 2
n 0h n2 a0 Full Wave Rectifier:
rn =
πmZe 2
, rn =
Z
, a 0 = 0 .529 Å
˜ Output

nh
Quantization of the angular momentum: l= 2π
Grid

Triode Valve: Cathode

Photon energy in state transition: E 2 − E 1 = hν Filament Plate

E 2 E 2

hν hν
∆ Vp
E 1
Emission
E 1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp = ∆ ip
Absorption ∆ V g =0

Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition Transconductance of a triode: gm =

∆ ip
∆ Vg
from nth to mth state: ∆ V p =0

1 2 1 1 Amplification by a triode: µ= −
∆ Vp
= RZ − 2 ∆ Vg
∆ i p =0
λ n2 m
Relation between r p , µ, and gm : µ = r p × gm

I K α
K β
hc
X-ray spectrum: λ min = eV
Ie Ic
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib+ Ic
λ min λα λ
Ib
√
Moseley’s law: ν = a( Z − b)
Ic
α and β parameters of a transistor: α = Ie , β =
X-ray diffraction: 2d sin θ = nλ Ic α
I b , β = 1− α

Heisenberg uncertainity principle: ∆ Ic

Transconductance: gm = ∆ V be
∆ p∆ x ≥ h/ (2π) , ∆ E ∆ t ≥ h/ (2π)
Logic Gates:
AND OR NAND NOR XOR
A B AB A+B AB A+B A B̄ + ĀB
6.3: The Nucleus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Nuclear radius: R = R 0 A 1/ 3 , R 0 ≈ 1.1 × 10− 15 m 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
dN
Decay rate: dt = − λN

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