1-D Helmholtz equation

and Boundary Conditions

Maxwell's equations: Minkowski formulation

Maxwell-Minkowski equations

generalized constitutive relations

continuity equation
generalized Ohm's law
 Time-harmonic wave fields
analytic representation of time-harmonic wave fields

Maxwell's equations in duality form constitutive relations for isotropic media

effective (complex) permittivity

Magnetic permeability
Ohm's law for conducting media source-free medium
Electric permittivity
 1-D electromagnetic fields

Dual-form Maxwell's equations in 1-D

Wave equations for TEM wave fields

x-component
Source-free dielectric inhomogeneous media
Wave equations for TEM wave fields 1-D Helmholtz equation

index of refraction

vacuum wavenumber
Speed of light in a vacuum
 Helmholtz-Schrödinger isomorphism

1-D Schrödinger equation 1-D wave equation

Our problem: stratified photonic system
1-D wave equation characteristic
wavenumber

n1 n2 n1 n(z) n2
Incident Transmitted Incident Transmitted
wave wave wave wave

z z
z1 0 z2 z1 0 L z2

Reflected Reflected
wave wave
 Homogeneous medium
1-D wave equation general solution

characteristic
wavenumber
homogeneity
n
Progressive
wave

travelling regressive wave travelling progressive wave

Regressive
wave
 Inhomogeneous medium: Boundary conditions
1-D wave equation

Robin boundary conditions absorbing boundary conditions -ABCs-

n1 n(z) n2
Incident Transmitted
wave wave

z
z1 0 L z2

Reflected

X
wave
travelling regressive wave travelling progressive wave

input port output port

Homogeneous medium: radiating sheet
travelling progressive wave

Surface n
electric
current Progressive
wave

𝐽𝐽⃑ z

Regressive
travelling regressive wave
wave
 Sommerfeld's radiation condition

scattering diffraction radiation

https://cm.dmi.unibas.ch/research/scattering/scattering.html https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_diffraction https://www.comsol.com/model/dipole-antenna-8715