NamePurvq Prakash karlekar

RolL No: 15 TE EXC SEM VI

Sub: Electrom aqnetîcsand Anten n a

EXPERIMENI No2.
Vesignof Half-wave dipole _andQuarter- Wave monopole antenna

Aim : lo_desiqnand
andcompare the performanceo fhalt-aave dipale
and quarter-wave monapole antenna

SoftwaTe Tool 4nec2 Numeric Electromagnetic Coder)

lheory [he half-wavedipole antenna is ust qspecialcase

O the dipale antenna lhe term half-waye means that the
length _of this dipoleantenna is equal toa half-wavelength
at the trequen.cu of aperation a simple half-uwavelength wire fed
at the center as shown in fig ure 1:
CUTTeTmt
-To

Fiq. Half-wavedipole configuration _uith typical curent

distributian.
he input impedanceof the half-wavelength dipale antenna
is qiuen by Zin 73 tj42s Ihe fields fom the
The
half-wave dipole antenngaregiyen by,
nI coso)
2 TT Sin O
 H Ee/n
Ihe directivits af a half-wave dipale antenna is 1: 64 2:15 dB)
Ih HeBN is 18_ deqrees. In viewinq the impedance as a
tunctian of the dipole lenqth ,it can be hoted that by
reducinq the length sliqhtly the antenna can becomne
resonant. f the lenath of a dipale is reduced to 048
the input impe dan.ce of the antenna become s Zin = F0-,
with no rea ctive component lhis is a _desirable_propeYty
since he antenna will be bettey matched to the radio
tran smitter or eceier and hence is often done in.
practicetar thin dipoles The ba.diattonpattern1emains
viitually the _Same

A monopole antenna is one haif of a dipale antenna,

almost munted abovesome sort of qround plane. lhe
case of a_mana.pale antenna of LengthLmounted above
an infinite around planeis shawn in tiq 2 (a)

L 2 .L

(V
Perfect Electric
Cond uctor
(a)
(b)
fiq 2 (a) Manopale aboye a PEC fiq 2(6) equivalent Source in fret
Space.
Usinqimagt thearythe tirlds ahove the
qraundplanr can b iound byusing the equivalent
Source (antenna) in treespace as ghan in fiq 2Cb) lhis
is simply a dipale anttnna af tdice the length. The frelds
abovethe groundplane in tiq 2(aare identical to the
fields in fiq 2Cb)The mn on a pole anien na fields bela
the
the gr0und plane in Fig Ca) ate zero.
The diation Pattern of monopole antennasclloove the qround
va
plabe a r
alSo known fram the dipale result The only chbanqe
that needss
to behated is that the inmpedance of a
manop.ale antenna js
one half of that of
a full dip ole antenna Foy_d quater- wawe
monopole LA/4), t h e impedance is halk of that of a halk-
waLe dipole , so, Zin 3 6-5+21 25 This_can be undezstoad
Since only halE the voltageis requíred to a drive a aanapale
antenna to the same Current as a dipole (th ink of_a dipoleas
havingt V/2 and V/2_applied to its _en ds,whereas a

mohopole antenna only needs to apply+V2 between the

monopole _antennd und the qtaund o drive the same cutrent)
Since Zin = V/I, the impedan ce_of the poonapole antepna
is halved.
lbedizectivityof amanopaleantenna is directly related to dhat
af_a dipale_antenna Jf the directivity of a dip ale _af length 2L
has a directivity of DiLdecibels, then the dîrectivity_af
manopale ant enna af lengthLwilL have _a directivity of
D +3 decibels That is,the directivity Cin linear units) of
a_monopole antenna is twice the directivity of a dipale
antenna twicethe lenqthlhe re.as.on for this is sîmply-
because na radiation_accursbelow the ground plane; hen ce
the antenna is ettectiv ely twice a s directiye
Man op ole _antenbas d e h a I E Ehe size _of their dipole counter-.
parts and hence are atractivve whenq Smaller_antennq is
necded.Antennas onolde cell pbhones wee typicaly_manapale
antennaswith an infinite graund plane approzimated by
the
the shell Ceasing) of the phane.
 Numerlcal Exanmple :
Desig.na half-uave dipole antenna reasan ating at 300 MH2
Compareits performan.ce with vertically mounted quarter-way:
monapale resonatin.q_at 300 MHz

Calculation tor design_of balf-wave dipole antehna:

Eor half-wave dipoleantenna we baue desiqn e quat

given by l e n t dia. z0-4 8 >
Here ta 300 MHz ---(given)
C 3X_Lo 1m
300X 1o

dia 00l m =1 cm
1o0

So len (o.48) 0) - 0.ol

en = 0:43 m.

Calculationtor desian 6t quarter-ware_mohopole antennai

For quarter-wave monopole antenna, we have basic design
uation qiven by
ht = 0-2 4 .
fo 300 MHz
8
C 3 XID 1m
fo 3 00 Xo
0 0 01 m =_ 1cm
100

h 24)* -

o.o1
|en 0 23 m.
OUTPUT:

Part-(0): Simulation Results for design of a half-wave dipole at 300 MHz

Pattern (F4) Pattern (F4)

Show Far field Near field Compare Transfer FFtab Plot Show Far field Near field Compare Transfer FPtab Plot
Tot-gain [dBi] Vertical plane Tot-gain [dBi Horizontal plane
15. U9.

300 MHz 300 MH2

60/ 15

105 /105

/120
210 330
135 315
150 24u
EXAMPLE1.out
165-180 b
999 5EXAMPLE1.0 c3 270 8
D215< dBi <2.15
Phi 0 Max gain The:90 Theta- 90 Max gain Pheu

Fig.:-2D radiation patterns for half-wave dipole antenna at 300 MHz

/Gain/sWR/Ampedance (F5)
Show View VAsource Piot

SWA (50 ohn) SWRZref

10 300MHE
CGain/ FB
Impedance

5 Reset

62145
Log
Grid

290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 MHz
Refl coef [dB] (50 ohm)
300 MHE Markers
Bold

LogX
Smooth
10

12 503
16
Log
18
Grid
292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 MHz

Fig.:-VSWR and Reflection coefficient for designed /2 dipole at 300 MHZ (with I=0.47m)
 /Gain/sWR/Ampedance (F5)
Show View VA source Plot

Theta- 90; Phi= 0

ogain;
5 300 MHE sWA/ ref
G a i n / FB

4.5 Impedance
Reset

Lo9
214 Grid

290 292 2 9 4 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 MHz
an Phi- 0
F/back: Theta-90:
300 MHE Bold
Markers
Log
Smooth

Log
Grid

290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 MHz

Fig. Gain and F/B ratio for designed A/2 dipole at 300 MHZz (with l=0.47m)

Gain/sWR/Ampedance (F5)
Show View vAsource Plot

sWA (50 ohm) C SWR / ref

10 300 MH
G a i n / FB
Impedancce
Reset

1.41255 Log
Grid

290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 MHz
Refl coef [dB] (50 ohm)
10 300MH Bold
Markers
11
LogX
12
Smooh
13
14
15
15.34
16
17
-18 Log
19
Grid
20
290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 MHz

Fig.: VSWR and Reflection coefficient for designed /2 dipole at 300 MHZ (with I=0.455m)
 E/Gain/SWR/impedance (F5)
|Show View Plot
v source
Theta= 90: Phi- 0
otgain: 300 MHE SWR / ref
GainFE impedance
4.5
Reset

3.5

2.5 Log
Grid
211
290292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 MHz
Fr/back: Theta--90: Phi- 0 300 MH3 Bold
Markers
LogX
Smooth

Log
F Grid
290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 MHz

Fig:-Gain and F/B ratio for designed A/2 dipole at 300 MHZ (with l=0.455m)

Part-(1): Simulation Results for design of a quarter-wave monopole at 300 MHz

Pattern (F4) X Pattern (F4)

Show Far field Near field Compare Transfer FFtab Plot Show Far field Near field Compare Transfer FFtab Plot
Tol-gain [dBi]
15 Vertical plane Tol-gain [dBi] Horizontal plane
300 MHz 300 MH2

5 135

b 159

7105 /345
120 120 330

-135 135 25 315

150 40
AMPLE1.out
999di 516 AMPLE1 ot 255 z8
J5.16 <dBi <5.15
Phi- ( -165 180 Max gain The:90 Theta- 90 70 Max gain Phi:0

Fig.:-2D radiation patterns for quarter-wave monopole antenna at 300 MHz

 /Gein/sWR/Ampedance (F5)
Show View VAsource Plot

SWA (50 ohm)

10 300 MHE SWR Z
G a i n / FB

Impedance
Reset

Log
.28904 Grid
270275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 MHz
Refl coef [dB] (50 ohm)
300 MHE Bold
Markers
LogXK
Smooth
10

12

14

-16

18 17.974 Log
Grid
20
270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 MHz

Fig.:-VSWR and Reflection coefficient for designed A/4 monopole at 300 MHZ (with h=0.23m)

Gain/sWR/Ampedance (FS)
Show View V/1 source Plot

Tot-gain: Theta- 90: Phi- 0 300MH3 sWA/ ref

9.5 lGain.FB
Impedance
8.5
Reset

7.5
7
6.5
Lo9
5.5
5
517 Grid
270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 MHz
Fi/back: Theta-90: Phi- 0
300 MHE Bold
Markers
LogX
rSmooth

LOp
Grid
270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 MHz

Fig.:-Gain and F/B ratio for designed /4 monopole at 300 MHZ (with h=0.23m)
 Conclusion
By performinq_this _experiment we can _design dipole and
mon op ole_antenngs as wellas observe. dnd com pa re the
radiation patterns of_dipole and monopoleantennas through
nec 2 SImulation. From sin ulation gesults, we can observe-
that, directivity af bat-uvave dipole is approximattlq 164
(2-15 dB_) wbereas that_af quatter-wave monop.ole 1ss_
Approxîmately 3.28C5:16 dB)