Fundamentals of transport theory

in tokamak plasmas

李继全
日本京都大学 能源科学研究生院

2009 年度中国等离子体物理暑期学校 , 杭州 1

Fundaments of transport theory in tokamak

plasmas
Plasma confinement
➢ Concepts of plasma confinement towards Tokamak
➢ Energy confinement time
➢ Relation between energy confinement time and local diffusion

Plasma transport in magnetic fusion plasmas

➢ General transport theory
➢ Classical transport
➢ Neoclassical transport
➢ Anomalous (turbulent) transport
➢ ……

1
References
J. Wesson, Tokamaks, 2nd Edn. (1997)
J. Freidberg, Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy (MIT, 2007)
Plasma Physics—confinement, Transport and Collective Effects, Lecture
Notes in Physics (2005)
S.I. Braginskii, Transport process in a plasma, Rev. of Plasma Physics 6?
F.L. Hinton, R. D. Hazeltine, Theory of plasma transport in toroidal
confinement systems, Rev. Mod. Phys., 48, 239(1976)
W. Horton, Drift waves and transport, Rev. Mod. Phys., 71, 735(1999)
Proceeding of 7TH CAROLUS MAGNUS Summer School on Plasma and
Fusion Physics(2005), Trans. Fusion Sci. & Tech., 49, 2006

S. C. Cowley et al. Phys. Fluids B 3, 2767(1991)

M. K. Rosenbluth, et al. ANNALS of Phys. 1, 120(1957)
John A. Krommes, Fundamental statistical descriptions of plasma
turbulence in magnetic fields, Physics Reports 360 (2002) 1–352
ITER Physics Basis, Nucl. Fusion 47 (2007) S18–S127; 39, 2175(1999);
Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport 3
…….

Fundaments of transport theory in tokamak

plasmas
Plasma confinement
➢ Concepts of plasma confinement towards Tokamak
➢ Energy confinement time
➢ Relation between energy confinement time and local diffusion

Plasma transport in magnetic fusion plasmas

➢ General transport theory
➢ Classical transport
➢ Neoclassical transport
➢ Anomalous (turbulent) transport
➢ ……

2
Magnetic confinement – from tokamak to ITER

International Thermolunclear
Experimental Reactor (ITER)
R=6.2m, a=2.0m, B=5.3T, I=17MA

Tokamak T-1 (1958, USSR)

is the first tokamak in the
world.(R=0.67m, a=0.17m,
B=1.5T I=100kA)

Radiation losses contributes

80-90% of heating power
5

Why Tokamak & ITER ?

3
Fusion triple product

The condition for fusion is the “triple product ” nTτ E must be larger than
certain minimum value. For example for D-T plasma, .

nT τ E > 3.3 × 10 21 m −3 keVs

As a side condition the ion temperature must be about or higher than

15keV. This requirement leads to the so-called Lawson parameter of .

nτ E > 2.2 × 10 20 m −3 s

“triple product ” becomes one important parameter to evaluate the progress

of fusion study.
7

Interesting comparison of the progress between

fusion performance and computer development

Accidental
or
certain
indication
for the
importance
of plasma
simulation
in fusion
study ?

8
http://www.efda.org/eu_fusion_programme/r-plasma_physics.htm

4
Concept of magnetic confinement
Toroidal
Axisymmetric field
問題
tokamak
点：
Plasma
Torus – Close
current
configuration

Non-axisymmetric
Helical
Helical
Mirror – Open coils
configuration Multi-mirrors

Magnetic + electric field

9
Central plasma cell

Torus – JT-60 & LHD

JT-60U（tokamak）：1985 LHD（Helical）：1995

Heating power
40MW
(NBI・ICRF・
ECRF・LH)

Central magnetic field：3T

Toroidal field：4T Plasma volume：30m3
Plasma current：3MA Heating power：15 ~ 20MW 10
Plasma volume：50~100m3 (NBI・ICRF・ECRF)

5
Magnetic configuration of Tokamak
Tokamak concept
Current in plasma

Magnetic line nest

Closed magnetic surface
Current in coils
Plasma current
J Magnetic
surface
BT

Bp

11
coil

Fundamental of plasma confinement

In Tokamak, the magnetic field includes two components:
➢ Toroidal field – produced by external coils
➢ Poloidal field – produced by plasma current.
Plasma equilibrium: force balance between Δ
pressure gradient and magnetic force
r r
j × B = ∇p r
Magnetic surface – toroidally closed surface:
r
B ⋅ ∇ψ = 0 ψ = Const
Rotational transform: the ratio of the poloidal and toroidal turns of the field
line before it closes on the magnetic surface.
2π rBϕ
l= q=
q RB θ
Drift surface: a surface which deviates from the magnetic surfaces due to
12
the curvature and gradient drift of the particles in tokamak,

6
Energy confinement time
Plasma confinement is limited by the loss of the particle and energy.

The energy confinement time: the plasma kinetic energy over the total
power input P.
τE =
W
=
∫
3
2 n(Ti + Te )dV
P P

Physical meaning of τ E ∂ W
W = P − PLoss = P −
∂t τE

α
Auxiliary -heating
τE is equal to the energy decay
heating (or loss) time scale from quasi-
steady state without heating.
Energy
Burning plasmas losses NOT plasma discharge time !
13

Relation between τ E and local diffusion

➢ τ E is a global quantity which related to the energy losses, mainly due
to the transport.
➢ Transport theory generally predicts the local diffusion coefficients of
particle and heat.
➢ As a rough comparison and estimate: in a stationary state, the heating
power is balanced by the losses through the heat flux across the magnetic
surface at the edge,
P = Sn χ∇ T
Here using
W VnT a2 V ~ Sa
τE = = ~
P Snχ∇T χ ∇T ~ T a

Roughly, energy confinement time is inversely

proportional to the heat diffusivity. 14

7
Empirical scaling law in experiments
Experimentally, is usually expressed by parametric scaling in tokamaks
or stellarators. The general ansatz of an empirical scaling law is
expressed as
τ E = CR a1 a a 2κ a 3δ a 4 B a 5 I a 6 P a 7 n a 8 A a 9 ......
with undetermined index factors and coefficient, which are fitted to the
experiments. For example, the early L-mode scaling was derived by
Goldston in 1984 as

τ E = 0.03 R 1.75 a −0.37κ 0.5 IP −0.5

Another typical scaling for L-mode confinement is so-called ITER89-P

τ E = 0.048 R 1.2 a 0.3κ 0.5 M 0.5 B 0.2 I 0.85 P −0.5 n 0.1

And the empirical scaling for ELM-free H-mode confinement is

τ E = 0.053 R 1.68 a −0.11κ 0.66 B 0.32 I 1.06 P −0.67 n 0.17 M 0.41 15

Fundaments of transport theory in tokamak

plasmas
Plasma confinement
➢ Concepts of plasma confinement towards Tokamak
➢ Energy confinement time
➢ Relation between energy confinement time and local diffusion

Plasma transport in magnetic fusion plasmas

➢ General transport theory
➢ Classical transport
➢ Neoclassical transport
➢ Anomalous (turbulent) transport
➢ ……

16

8
What is transport

➢ Transport problem is about the variation of macroscopic quantities in

time and space.

➢ Hydrodynamics studies the long-wavelength, low-frequency behavior

in a local thermodynamic equilibrium.

➢ In such equilibrium, there still are some flows like the particle and
heat between fluid elements or out of the system through the boundary.

➠ Such flows are generally called transport.

17

Transport equation in MCF plasmas

➢ In plasmas, the transport properties are governed by the moment
equations, derived from the plasma kinetic equation. Typically, we have
Braginskii moment equation.

➢ The most important moments are the plasma density, flow of particle
and kinetic energy density. (three fields)

➢ Transport theory is to provide a closed set of equations for the time

evolution of these moments in plasma fluid and predict the associated
particle, momentum and heat transport coefficients.

➢ This set of equations in axisymmetric configuration is derived by

averaging the macroscopic quantities on a flux surface over the poloidal
and toroidal angles (namely, flux surface averaging),

18

9
General transport theory of neutral gas
In a classical neutral gas, all particles obey the Boltzmann distribution in
a thermal equilibrium state under the Boltzmann equation. Considering
the collision, the particles obey
r rthe Fokker-Planck equation
Df ( x ,υ ) ⎛ ∂f ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
Dt ⎝ ∂t ⎠ c
Under the Chapman-Enskog ordering,
∂
~ Ο (ε ) << 1 λ mfp ∇ ~ Ο (ε ) << 1
ν ∂t
The lowest order expansion gives the Boltzmann distribution. The first
order expansion of this equation describes the transport property.
∂f r r r ⎛ ∂f ⎞
+ υ ⋅ ∇ x f + a ⋅ ∇ υr f = ⎜ ⎟
∂t ⎝ ∂t ⎠ c
Using the Krook collision model ⎛ ∂f ⎞ f − f0
⎜ ⎟ =−
⎝ ∂t ⎠ c τ
Steady state equation ∂f f − f0
υx =− 19
∂t τ

General transport theory of neutral gas (cont.)

Equilibrium distribution is the Boltzmann distribution involving the
equilibrium profiles f 0
df 0
Non-equilibrium distribution f 1 = f 0 − τυ x
dx
For the gas with a density gradient, the particle flux
df 0 ∇n 2
Γ x = ∫ υ x f 1 dυ x = −τ ∫ υ x2
n ∫
dυ x = −τ υ x f 0 dυ x
dx
kT
= −τ ∇n = − D∇n
m
Diffusion coefficient
λmfp Mean free
τκT λ 2
mfp path due to collision
D= ~ υ th2 τ =
m τ τ Mean collision
time
20

10
A set of complete transport equation
– Moment equations
From the general kinetic equation. The even moments for the particle and
energy conservation are written as
∂n r
+ ∇⋅Γ = 0
∂t
3 ∂p r r r r
+ ∇ ⋅ Q = P + V ⋅ ( F + en E )
2 ∂t
r r rr
with particle flux Γ = nV = n ∫ d 3υ υ f
r r r
energy flux Q = ∫ d 3υ ( m υ 2 2 )υ f
r r r
collisional energy exchange P = ∫ d 3υ ( m 2 )(υ − V ) 2 C ( f )
r r r
friction force F = ∫ d 3υ mυ C ( f ) 21

A set of complete transport equation

– Moment equations
The odd moments for the conservation of momentum and of energy flux
r
∂V t r 1 r r r
mn + ∇ ⋅ Φ − en( E + V × B ) = F
∂t c
r
∂Q t e ⎡3 r r t 1 r r⎤ r
mn + ∇ ⋅ R − ⎢ Ep + E ⋅ Φ + Q × B ⎥ = G
∂t m ⎣2 c ⎦

Stress tensor
t r rr
Φ = ∫ d 3υ m υ υ f
t
p = nT = Tr Φ 3 {}
t r rr
Energy-wighted stress tensor R = ∫ d 3υ ( m υ 2 2 )υ υ f
r r r
Collisional change in energy flux G = ∫ d 3υ ( m υ 2 2 )υ f
22

11
Small gyroradius ordering in tokamak
In the transport regime, the scale −1
L ~ ∇ ln p
length of macroscopic quantities

The transit frequency is ω ~ υ th L

The gyroradius ρ = υ th ω c
ρ ω
δ = = << 1
L ωc
∂ ln p
The small gyroradius ordering is = Ο (δ 2ω )
∂t
υ E×B cE
= = Ο (δ )
so-called drift ordering υ th B υ th

In the 0th order in δ, the plasma is described just by the density and
temperature with Boltzmann distribution. 23
The fluxes are the first order quantities.

Particle and energy flux (1)

Flux equations (from odd moment equations)
r
r 1 ˆ ⎡ t r r ∂V ⎤
nV ⊥ = b × ⎢∇ ⋅ Φ − F − en E + mn ⎥
mω c ⎢⎣ ∂t ⎥⎦
r
r 1 ⎡ t r e r ⎛ t 3 t ⎞ ∂Q ⎤
Q⊥ = ⎢∇ ⋅ R − G − E ⎜ Φ − pI ⎟ + ⎥
ω c ⎣⎢ m ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∂t ⎦⎥
Equilibrium fluxes

(nVr )
⊥ 0 =
1 ˆ
mω c
b × (∇ p0 + en∇ φ 0 ) Diamagnetic flux
and EXB flux

(Qr )
⊥ 0 =
5
2m ω c
p0 bˆ × ∇ T

Such fluxes remain within the magnetic surface

r
( ) r
( )
nV ⊥ 0 ⋅ ∇ ψ = Q ⊥ 0 ⋅ ∇ ψ = 0 24

12
Particle and energy flux (2)
Particle and energy fluxes
across magnetic surface
r
nV ⊥ ( ) r
r r
= nVC + nV NC
r 1 ˆ r
Classical particle flux nVC = b×F
mω c
r r r r
friction force F = 3 r r
∫ d υ mυ C ( f ) F⊥ e ≈ γ ei m e ne ( ue ⊥ − u i ⊥ )
r γ
nVC ≈ − ei 2 ∇p0 ~ −γ ei ρ e2 ∇n0
m ω ce

Neoclassical particle flux r

n V NC =
1 ˆ
mω c
[ t t r
b × ∇ ⋅ (Φ − pI ) − e ( n E + n ∇ φ ) ]
t t
Two resources: ∇ ⋅ (Φ − pI ) Depends on collision in toroidal plasmas
r
e ( nE + n ∇ φ )
25
Similarly, we have classical and neoclassical energy fluxes.

Random walk – phenomenologic approach of

transport processes

➢ Classical and neoclassical transport is described by moment equation

from kinetic theory in complex magnetic configuration. The distribution
is generally deviated from Maxwellian so that non-Maxwellian part is
missed in analyses.

➢ No first-principle-based turbulent transport theory has been

completely derived.

➢ Random walk model is a simpler method to understand the essential

physics of transport processes to derive transport coefficients.

26

13
Random walk – phenomenologic approach of
transport processes (cont.)
Random walk is based on a series of random collision N, probability at
m position N
N! ⎛1⎞
f (m, N ) = ⎜ ⎟
[( N + m ) / 2]![( N − m ) / 2]! ⎝ 2 ⎠
Probability of particle, x=mL, t=Nτ

f (m, N ) 2 ⎛ x2 ⎞
f ( x, t ) = = exp⎜⎜ − ⎟
⎟
L πDt ⎝ 2 Dt ⎠

Random walk diffusion coefficient

L2
D= = γL2
τ
L is averaged step, τ is walk time in a step
27

Fundaments of transport theory in tokamak

plasmas
Plasma confinement
➢ Concepts of plasma confinement towards Tokamak
➢ Energy confinement time
➢ Relation between energy confinement time and local diffusion

Plasma transport in magnetic fusion plasmas

➢ General transport theory
➢ Classical transport
➢ Neoclassical transport
➢ Anomalous (turbulent) transport
➢ ……

28

14
Classical particle diffusion in magnetized
plasmas -- particle picture
In a magnetized plasma, classical
electron diffusion coefficient from the r
random walk model with the Larmor B
radius as step size and the electron–ion
time as step time,
ρ e2
De = = γ ei ρ e2
τ ei
electron–ion collision frequency 1 e 4 Z i n ln Λe
γ ei = =
τ ei 2πε 02 m e2υ e2
Relation between classical diffusion and magnetic fields

υ te2 1
De = γ ei ρ = γ ei 2 ∝ 2
2
e
ω ce B 29

Classical particle diffusion in magnetized

plasmas -- particle picture (cont.)
Attention: for like-particle collision, this is wrong since the mass center
does not change after collision. In this case, no particle diffusion happens.

Like-particle Unlike-particle
collision collision
electron
ion

electron
30
See detailed analysis in Freidberg book From: U. Struth

15
Bohm diffusion in magnetized plasmas
Classical diffusion is estimated in low collision limit, i.e. γ ei << ω ce
υ2 1
De = γ ei ρ e2 = γ ei te2 ∝ 2
ω ce B
In this case, particles can have enough time to do gyro-motion and possibly
have gyro-radius as random walk step and inverse of collision frequency as
step time.

In the case, γ ei >> ω ce particles can freely motion with thermal

velocity in collision time
DBohm = υ te2 γ ei
When collision frequency is comparable with gyro-frequency, it gives
Bohm diffusion 2
υ te kT
DBohm = ~
ω ce eB
Bohm diffusion is the maximum of classical diffusion. 31

Classical particle diffusion in magnetized

plasmas -- fluid picture
From electron equation of motion (Ohm’s law) and equilibrium equation
r r r r r r r
ηj × B = − E × B + ( u × B ) × B
r r
j × B = ∇ p0

Radial velocity is r r
r η ∇ p0 E × B
u⊥ = − +
B2 B2
Radial flow is r η nT
Γ r = nV = − 2 ∇ n = − D∇ n
B

Same as the classical flow from moment equation with η = m e γ ei ne 2

r γ
nVC ≈ − ei 2 ∇p0 ~ −γ ei ρ e2 ∇n0
m ω ce 32

16
 Fundaments of transport theory in tokamak
plasmas
Plasma confinement
➢ Concepts of plasma confinement towards Tokamak
➢ Energy confinement time
➢ Relation between energy confinement time and local diffusion

Plasma transport in magnetic fusion plasmas

➢ General transport theory
➢ Classical transport
➢ Neoclassical transport
➢ Anomalous (turbulent) transport
➢ ……

33

Toroidal effects of tokamak magnetic fields

Neoclassical transport is the collision transport in toroidal configuration.
Dominant effects on collision transport result from magnetic field
curvature and gradient drifts, which lead to drift surface, trapped particle
Magnetic υ // > 0
surface
Plasma current υ // < 0

J Magnetic θ0
surface
Drift r0
BT surface
Bp

Banana orbit of R
Magnetic field in trapped particle
tokamak configuration
B 34

17
Neoclassical effects of transport

In a cylindrical plasma, charged particle is confined within a gyro-radius

region of flux surface, hence we have classical transport due to collision

In a toroidal plasma, charged particle is confined within a gyro-radius

region of drift surface, which is deviated from flux surface. hence the walk
step size should consider gyro-motion and radial excursion due to drift-
motion. The walk step time should involve the collision time and
transit/bounce time.

Neoclassical effects result from different processes:

➢ Different collision region (low, medium and high collision)
➢ Different kind of particles (passing or trapped particle)

Typical toroidal effects: ➢ Pfirsch-Schluter current

➢ Bootstrap current
35

Neo-Classical transport due to passing particle

Method: random walk model υ // > 0
Tasks: step size, step time
Idea: if particle undergoes a 90º scattering,
υ // < 0
parallel velocity is reversed, radial excursion
is the distance between two drift surfaces. θ0
This is for step size. r0
Step time is the inverse collision frequency.

➢ Estimate of half transit-time τ 1/ 2

dl dl dl p
From magnetic field line equation ≈ ≈ Drift orbit of
B B0 Bθ
passing particle
B0 B0
l (r ) ≈ lp = l p = πR0 q( r )
Bθ ( r ) Bθ ( r )

Half transit-time l πR0 q( r )

τ 1/ 2 = = 36
υ // υ //

18
Neo-Classical transport due to passing particle
➢ Radial excursion (cont.)
In circular section plasma, drift velocity due to magnetic curvature and
gradient is
r r
r m ⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞ Rc × B 1 ⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞
υ D = ⎜⎜ υ // + ⎟ 2 2 = ⎜ υ // + ⎟( eˆ r sin θ + eˆθ cos θ )
e ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ Rc B R0ω ce ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
From radial component of drift velocity
1⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
r ( t ) = ∫ υ Dr dt = r0 + ⎜ υ // +
⎜
⎟ ∫ sin⎜
⎟ ⎜ t + θ 0 ⎟⎟dt
R0ω ce ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ τ 1/ 2 ⎠
Averaged radial excursion
τ ⎛ υ2 ⎞
r = r0 + 1 / 2 ⎜⎜ υ //2 + ⊥ ⎟⎟ cos(θ 0 )
πR0ω ce ⎝ 2 ⎠
Due to collision, parallel velocity is reversed,
τ 1 / 2 ⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞
r = r0 − ⎜υ + ⎟ cos(θ 0 )
πR0ω ce ⎜⎝ // 2 ⎟⎠ 37

Neo-Classical transport due to passing particle

(cont.)
Step size is defined the distance between two drift surfaces before and
after collision
2τ 1 / 2 ⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞
Δr = ⎜υ + ⎟ cos(θ 0 )
πR0ω ce ⎜⎝ // 2 ⎟⎠
Step size is estimated as
2 2
⎛ τ ⎞ ⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞
L =< ( Δr ) >= 2⎜⎜ 1 / 2
2 2
⎟ ⎜ υ // + ⎟ ~ q 2 ρ e2
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ πR0ω ce ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Neoclassical diffusion coefficient

DnNC = γ ei L2 = q 2γ ei ρ e2
In tokamak, q >1, the collision diffusion is enlarged by factor q2 , about one
order
This diffusion coefficient is just that one in so-called Pfirsch-Schluter
38
regime. (see later)

19
Neoclassical diffusion vs collisionality in tokamak

Trapped particle Passing particle

D
r
hl ute
e Plateau regime c
gi
m
s ch-S
e r
a
r Pfi ime
n an reg
Ba iffusion
Classical d

ε 3/2 1 γ ei

39

Pfirsch-Schluter transport – fluid picture(1)

In the fluid moment equation, neoclassical transport is contributed by two
effects: the averaging of the now poloidally asymmetric radial flux
an additional contribution due to a vertical electric field
component r
n V NC =
1 ˆ
mω c
[ t t r
b × ∇ ⋅ (Φ − pI ) − e ( nE + n ∇ φ ) ]
t t
Two resources: ∇ ⋅ (Φ − pI ) Depends on collision in toroidal plasmas
r
e ( nE + n ∇ φ )
r r
More clearly, from Ohm’s law and r η ∇ p E ×B
u⊥ = − 0
+
equalibrium equation, radial velocity is B 2
B2
η ∇ p0
Classical flow: only for Er and poloidally symmetrical part −
B2
Neo-Classical flow: Contribution from
poloidally asymmetrical vertical electric field
r r
part ⎛ η ∇ p0 ⎞ (with poloidal) E×B
⎜− ⎟ 40
⎝ B 2 ⎠θ B2

20
Pfirsch-Schluter transport – fluid picture(2)
Pfirsch-Schluter current is the result to satisfy toroidal equilibrium
condition, is a neoclassical equilibrium flow. r
r EV
j⊥ r
-------
jV r
F ~ ∇ p0
r R
r r j PS
j PS B
(rj )
PS V +++++
r
jV
r r
( )
jV = j PS V
r r r
jV × B = ∇p0
R
PS current is produced to cancel the electric charge accumulation due to
vertical current, which is to balance radial pressure gradient force.
Bθ 1 r ε
j PS ~− ∇ p0 j PS ~ − ∇p0 2 cos θ
B B R Bθ 41

Pfirsch-Schluter transport – fluid picture(3)

Calculate perpendicular flow cross magnetic surface involving Pfirsch-
Schluter current
n ⎛ η ⊥ ∇ p0 E ⊥ ⎞
Γr =
2π ∫θ dθ (1 + ε cos θ )⎜⎝ − B2
+ ⎟
B ⎠
B
From parallel component of Ohm’s law, η // j // = E // = θ E ⊥
Bϕ
Parallel current is mainly contributed by PS current, perpendicular
electric field is expressed by PS current, and integrate

nη ⊥ ⎛ η ⎞
Γr = ⎜⎜ 1 + 2q 2 // ⎟⎟∇ n
B2 ⎝ η⊥ ⎠
➢ Particle flux is enhanced by a factor q2. This is the same as the result
from particle picture.
➢ The physical mechanism is due to the vertical electric field (namely
vertical current) which balances the toroidal effect correction part of 42
pressure gradient.

21
Neo-Classical transport due to trapped particles
-- in banana regime (particle picture) (1)
In low collisionality regime, particles are trapped locally.
Three quantities: Z
➢ Trapped particle fraction;
➢ Radial step size with effect of typical
ratio of υ // υ ⊥
➢ Mean step time between collisions with R
small angle scattering.
Trapped particle fraction B
R0
B ( r , θ ) = B0 υ //
R0 + r cos θ
υ //2 B R −r r
< 1 − min = 1 − 0 ≈2
υ⊥2
Bmax R0 + r R0 υ⊥

f ~ 2 r R0 ~ ε 1 / 2 43

Neo-Classical transport due to trapped particles

-- in banana regime (particle picture) (2)
Step size
Similar the calculation of radial excursion of passing particle, drift orbit
of trapped particle is
1 ⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞
r ( t ) = ∫ υ Dr dt = r0 + ⎟ sin(ω B t + θ 0 )dt
2 ⎟⎠ ∫
⎜ υ // +
R0ω ce ⎜⎝
Here banana time is used. ω B = υ // 2 R0 q
Averaging for any time when collision may happen, step size is banana
width
2 ⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞
Δr = ⎜υ + ⎟ cos(θ 0 )
ω B R0ω ce ⎜⎝ // 2 ⎟⎠
Mean square step size for trapped particle
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 υ ⊥2 ⎞ ⎛R ⎞
L =< ( Δr ) >= 2⎜⎜
2 2
⎟ ⎜ υ // + ⎟ ~ q 2 ⎜ 0 ⎟ ρ e2
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ω B R0ω ce ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠
44

22
Neo-Classical transport due to trapped particles
-- in banana regime (particle picture) (3)
Effective collision frequency
For trapped particles, the mean time between collisions is shorter than
the 90º momentum collision time. υ ⊥
For trapped particle collision, initial and final Before
pinch angles of particles After collision
1⎛π ⎞ collision 1⎛π
θi ≈ θc + ⎜ − θc ⎟ θ f = π −θi ⎞
2⎝ 2 ⎜ −θc ⎟
⎠ 2⎝ 2 ⎠
Collisions make parallel velocity change sign.
Effective collision time is the mean time
θc
between collisions, determined many small-
angle scatterings, ⎛ π2 ⎞ υ //
< (θ − θ i ) 2 >= Dθ t ~ ⎜⎜ ⎟t
⎟
⎝ 4τ 90 ⎠
Setting t ~ τ eff , θ ~ θ f , and

π⎛ 2r ⎞
1/ 2
r r From Friedberg
θc ~ − ⎜ ⎟ τ eff ~ τ 90 = τ ei = ετ ei 45
2 ⎝ R⎠ R0 R0

Neo-Classical transport due to trapped particles

-- in banana regime (particle picture) (3)
Diffusion in banana regime is estimated as
1/ 2 3/ 2
L2 ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛R ⎞ 2 ⎛ R0 ⎞ ⎛R ⎞
DBanana = f = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ q2⎜ 0 ⎟ρe ⎜ ⎟γ ei = q 2 ⎜ 0 ⎟ γ ei ρ e2
τ eff ⎝ R0 ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠

Detailed derivation shows

3/ 2
⎛R ⎞ with μ >1
DBanana = μq ⎜ 0 ⎟ 2
γ ei ρ e2
⎝ r ⎠
For the tokamak with q~3, R~5, r=a/2~1., neo-classical enhancement
factor is about 200. Neoclassical transport is two order of magnitude
larger than classical one.

46

23
Neo-Classical transport due to trapped particles
-- in plateau regime (particle picture)
In moderate collision region, effective collision time is comparable to the
bounce time, the particles are detrapped before finishing a banana orbit.

In the condition that particles finish a banana orbit after one collision, the
step time is replaced by the banana time, τ Banana = 2π ω B = 4πR0 q υ //
3/ 2
L2 ⎛R ⎞ 2π
D Plateau = f =q ⎜ 0⎟
2
ρ e2
τ banana ⎝ r ⎠ ωB
A Heuristic estimate can be made as follows:
Due to the magnetic drift, radial drift distance in transit time is about
Rq
L ~ υ Dτ ~ υ D
υ //
The fraction of such particles is about f ~ υ // υ T
2 −1
Diffusion in υ
L2 ⎛ Rq ⎞ ⎛ Rq ⎞ qυ t 2
D Plateau ~ f = // ⎜υ D ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ~ ρe
plateau regime τ υt ⎜ υ // ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ υ // ⎟⎠ R 47
⎝

Effects of electric field on diffusion

– radial field
Radial electric field on passing particles results in the toroidal resonance.
ErXB drift is added to the poloidal velocity,
Bθ E r r ⎛ qE r ⎞
υ θ = υ // − = υ // ⎜1 − ⎟
B B qR ⎝ υ // εB ⎟⎠
⎜

The transit time becomes −1

2πr 2πqR ⎛ qE r ⎞
τt = = ⎜1 − ⎟
υθ υ // ⎝ υ // εB ⎟⎠
⎜
The radial drift is changed in new transit time
2 −2
⎛ υD ⎞ ⎛ qE r ⎞ 2 2
L ~ ⎜⎜
2
⎟ ~ ⎜1 −
⎟
⎟
⎜ υ εB ⎟ q ρ e
⎝ 2π τ t ⎠ ⎝ t ⎠
Particle diffusion coefficient
−2 At resonance electric field,
⎛ Er ⎞ 2
D ~ ⎜⎜ 1 − ⎟ q γ ei ρ e
2
E resonance ~ ευ t B q
υ εB q ⎟
⎝ t ⎠ Diffusion is much enhanced.
48

24
Effects of electric field on diffusion
– toroidal field
Toroidal electric field on trapped particles results in the so-called Ware
pinch effect.
Bounce-averaging equation of motion in the toroidal direction,
r r
< (υ × B )ϕ > bounce = − Eϕ =< υ ⊥ > Bθ
nEϕ
Considering trapped particle fraction, diffusion is Γ ~ ε 1/ 2
Bθ
This flux is due to the effect of toroidal electric
field on banana orbit.
Z
Toroidal electric field leads to displace of
banana orbit in poloidal direction so that the
magnetic curvature/gradient drift become θ
asymmetric for banana center in poloidal R
direction. Trapped particle experiences a long-
time inward drift and short-time outward drift.
B 49
An averaged inward flux is produced.

Bootstrap current (1) J. Wesson, Tokamaks

Bootstrap current in tokamak is an important prediction of neoclassical

transport theory and key progress of magnetic confinement study.
Theoretically, bootstrap current can provide 100% toroidal current!
In the Pfirsch-Schluter regime, the friction
between ion and electron fluid causes the PS
diffusion due to passing particles.
In the banana of a plasma with density
gradient, there is a difference in particles
number on neighboring banana orbit
passing through a point A. The difference
leads to a current in parallel direction –
magnetization current
dn ε 1 / 2 dn
jT ~ eε 1/ 2
(ε υ t )(ε
1/ 2 −1 / 2
qρ e ) ~ −q T
dr B dr
Trapped Parallel Banana 50
fraction velocity width

25
Bootstrap current (2)

In the banana regime, the momentum exchange between passing ions and
passing electrons leads to the bootstrap current. For the passing electron,
it is balanced by the momentum exchange between passing and trapped
electrons.
γ ei jb ~ γ ee ε
−1 / 2
jT

Effective collision

γ ei ~ γ ee ε 1/ 2 dn
jb ~ − T
Bθ dr
Precisely, jb involves temperature gradient, i.e. depends on pressure
gradient. 1/ 2
ε dp
jb ~ −
Bθ dr 51

J. Freidberg, Plasma Physics

Bootstrap current (1) and Fusion Energy (MIT)

More clearly, Freidberg gives a picture, showing that the bootstrap

current results from the collisional friction between passing and trapped
electrons.
Assuming ion mass is infinite, all currents raise due to electrons.
➢ Trapped electron magnetization current
➢ Passing electron magnetization current
➢ Current due to the frictional momentum exchange between passing
and trapped electrons – bootstrap current

Trapped electron magnetization current due to density gradient

T dn
jT ~ − qε 1 / 2
B dr
Passing electron magnetization current due to density gradient

T dn
j p ~ −q
B dr 52

26
Bootstrap current (2) (J. Freidberg)
If simply considering collisional momentum balance solely raises from
these two magnetization currents, we may have:
For passing electrons, parallel momentum loss of each particle per
collision, j p
m eυ // = me u p = − me
p
en p
Parallel momentum loss of all passing particles in unit time,
me j p dn γ ee
( Δ P// ) p = m e u p n p γ ee = − γ ee ~ qT
e dx ω ce
For trapped electrons, estimate is similar, but effective collision time is
shorter,
γ tp = ε γ ee
−1

Parallel momentum loss of all trapped particles in unit time,

dn γ ee
( ΔP// ) t ~ qTε −1 / 2 53
dx ω ce

Bootstrap current (3) (J. Freidberg)

Parallel momentum losses are NOT balanced

( Δ P// ) p = ε 1 / 2 ( Δ P// ) t
The problem is that while small fraction trapped electrons ε 1 / 2 lose
momentum in such a fast rate γ tp / γ pt ~ ε −1 that a momentum imbalance is
created with respect to passing electrons.
Since trapped electrons are trapped locally, assuming passing electrons
have an additional flow u// B so that the momentum loss of trapped
electrons can be balanced,
⎛ jp ⎞
( ΔP// ) p = m e ⎜⎜ − + n p u// B ⎟⎟γ ee ~ ( ΔP// ) t
⎝ e ⎠
This flow is the bootstrap current, which is much larger the passing
electron magnetization current.
ε 1/ 2 dn T dn
jb ~ − T = − qε − 1 / 2
Bθ dr B dr 54

27
 Fundaments of transport theory in tokamak
plasmas
Plasma confinement
➢ Concepts of plasma confinement towards Tokamak
➢ Energy confinement time
➢ Relation between energy confinement time and local diffusion

Plasma transport in magnetic fusion plasmas

➢ General transport theory
➢ Classical transport
➢ Neoclassical transport
➢ Anomalous (turbulent) transport
➢ ……

55

Anomalous transport
Classical and neoclassical predicted diffusions are rather small in fusion
plasmas. Classical transport coefficients are ~ 0.01m2s−1. The neoclassical
ion transport is about 0.5m2s−1 , comparable with experimental one; the
electron transport levels are much lower than experimental observation. In
general, large transport is believed to be due to plasma turbulence. This is
the turbulent transport, namely anomalous transport.

r/a From JT-60U

56

28
Fluid turbulence and transport (1)
u
Equation of incompressable fluid motion
Laminar flow
– Navier-Stokes equation
∂u i ∂ ∂p
+ ( ui u i ) − ν ∇ 2 u i = −
∂ t ∂x m ∂x i
Turbulent flow
r r ~ r
Let ui ( x , t ) = U i ( x ) + ui ( x , t ) t
~
∂u i ∂ ∂P ∂ p ~
~ +U u ~ ~~ 2~
+ (U i U m + U i u m i + ui ui ) − ν∇ U i − ν∇ ui = − −
2
m
∂t ∂x m ∂x i ∂x i
∂ ∂P
For equilibrium(0th order) (U i U m ) − ν∇ 2U i = −
∂x m ∂x i
~
∂ui ∂ ~
For stability(1st order) + ~ +U u
(U i u ~ = − ∂p
~ ) − ν∇ 2 u
m m i i
∂t ∂x m ∂x i

Multiplying ~ ( xr , t ) and defining E =< u~ u~ > / 2 ,

u 57
i 0 i i

Fluid turbulence and transport (2)

r
Multiplying u~i ( x , t ) and defining E 0 =< u~i u~i > / 2 , turbulent energy Equ.

∂E 0 ∂E 0
+ Um +
∂ ⎛1 ~ ~ ~ ⎞
⎜ < ui ui um > ⎟ +
∂
(< ~pu~i > ) = − < u~i u~m > ∂U i + ν < u~i ∇ 2 u~i >
∂t ∂x m ∂x m ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∂ x m ∂x m

Convection Turbulent Pressure Production of Dissipation

transport diffusion turbulent energy, by viscosity
Diffusion of turbulent energy from mean flow
through space by nonlinearity
⎛ ∂u~i
2
~ >= ∂ < u
~ ∇ 2u
2
~ 2 > −2 ⎞
<u ⎜ ⎟
Define i i
∂x m2
i ⎜ ∂x ⎟
⎝ m ⎠
1 ~~~ ~ >= − μT ∂E 0
< ui ui um > + < ~pu Diffusion of turbulent energy
2
i
σ E ∂x i through space by viscosity
Closure coefficient σ E

Eddy viscosity μT ~u
<u ~
i m >= l mix
2 ∂U dU
= μT
dU
58
∂x m dx i dx

29
Turbulent diffusion with Lagrangian picture (1)
W.D. McCOMB, Physics of fluid turbulence
In a Lagrngian frame (in a fluid)
r r
r Δx dx r t r
υ ( t ) = lim
Δt → 0 Δt
=
dt
x(t ) = ∫0 υ ( t ' )t '
Because <x(t)>=0, lowest-order statistic moment for the position is
r t r t r r r
x 2 ( t ) = ⎛⎜ ∫ υ ( t ′ )dt ′ ⎞⎟⎛⎜ ∫ υ ( t ′′ )dt ′′ ⎞⎟ =
t t

⎝ 0 ⎠⎝ 0 ⎠ ∫0 dt ′ ∫0 dt ′′ υ ( t ′ )υ ( t ′′ )
t' t'

= t′′ = t′′
t' t'
t t ′′ t ′′
r t t′ r r t t′ r r
x 2 ( t ) = 2 ∫ dt ′ ∫ dt ′′ υ ( t ′ )υ ( t ′′ ) = 2 ∫ dt ′ ∫ ds υ ( t ′ )υ ( t − s )
0 0 0 0 59

Turbulent diffusion with Lagrangian picture (2)

Lagrngian autocorrelation function Lagrngian integral time-scale
r r r2 ∞
υ ( t ′ )υ ( t ′ − s ) = υ ( t ′ ) R L ( s ) TL = 2 ∫ R L ( s )ds
0

Considering homogeneous turbulence,

r r r For any functions, Lagrangian average
υ 2 ( t ′) = υ 2 (0) = υ 2
is the same as Eulerian one

r r t t′ Integration r t
x 2 (t ) = 2 υ 2 ∫ 0
d t ′ ∫ dsR
0 L (s)
by parts
= 2 υ2 ∫ 0
( t − s ) R L ( s ) ds

Problem is no theoretical RL(s) in Lagrangian frame, two limitations:

Case 1 with short diffusion times: RL(s)=1, t is small, s<t small,
r r
x 2 (t ) = υ 2 t 2
This is classical result from Newtonian mechanics, the motion can be 60
predictable and is deterministic.

30
Turbulent diffusion with Lagrangian picture (3)
Case 2 with long diffusion times: for long time t >>TL, RL(s) rapidly tends
to 0, r2 r2
x ( t ) = υ (TL t − B )
B is just for comparison and is not important for long time. Hence
r r
x 2 ( t ) = υ 2 TL t
This shows that the r.m.s fluid element displacement is proportional to the
square root of time, which is the same as the classical random walk of
particle movements.
Expressing r.m.s displacement of fluid element in term of a turbulent
coefficient of diffusion, DT,
r r2 L2corr
= (2 D L t )
1/ 2
x 2 (t )
1/ 2
with D L = υ TL =
TL
Assuming the r.m.s. velocity of turbulent fluid is corresponding to the
thermal velocity of particle, the correlation time TL is to the mean time of
collision, the turbulent diffusion is analogous to the classical diffusion 61
based on random walk model. This is the mixing length approximation.

Characteristics of plasma turbulence

➢ Large-amplitude driven by various instabilities due to inhomogeneity;
➢ Long correlation length in the field direction and short one in
perpendicular one;
➢ Fluctuation is of 2-dimensional feature;
➢ Spectrum structure depends on spatial inhomogeneity and
configuration;
➢ Transport property is different for electrons and ions;
➢ Decorrelation rate due to nonlinear interactions has similar level of
linear growth rate;
……
Theoretical methods in fluid turbulence are helpfully applied in study of
plasma turbulence. In some cases with a few modes, weak turbulence
theory is employed.

62

31
Plasma turbulence and statistic theory
➢ Plasma turbulence is understood as the motion of a plasma with a large
number of collective degrees of freedom, which are excited by instabilities,
namely, turbulent fluctuations or eddies.
➢ Large (anomalous) plasma diffusion results from these eddy
interactions.
➢ Plasma turbulence is usually strong turbulence
➢ Weak plasma turbulence: the interaction among separate wave packets
is weak, the energy of interaction between the waves is smaller than their
total energy. perturbation theory and quasi-linear theory can be used.

➢ Strong plasma turbulence: the interaction among separate wave

packets is strong, related to the anomalous diffusion cross the field. Mixing
length model may be applicable. Further, weak coupling approximation
(namely, direct-interaction approximation, which becomes kinetic wave
equation when coupling is decreased) is a symmetric approach for it.

Modern statistical theories of plasma turbulence: direct-interaction

approximation, Markovian relatives……. 63

Perturbation theory

Turbulence is a nonlinear phenomenon of fluctuation, in which the time

evolution of cumulants of order n for some field is nonlinearly coupled to
cumulants of order n+1 – statistical closure problem.
Perturbation theory: for weak interaction, fluctuation is dominated by
waves, it is possible to make an expansion in terms of a small parameter
such as the ratio between interaction energy between the waves and their
total energy.

64

32
Quasilinear model (1)
Quasilinear approximation: For fluctuation with very small amplitude, the
interaction between waves is ignorable, only the reaction of the waves on
the average velocity distribution function of the particles is considered.
Formally, the nonlinear terms are treated as a source, which involves
particle response to linear waves. Taking Vlasov equation as example –
Kaufman QLT:
∂f r r q r
+ υ ⋅ ∇ x f + E ⋅ ∇ υr f = 0
∂t m
f =< f > + δf
r r r
E =< E > +δE
From expansion,
∂< f > q r
= < δE ⋅ ∇ υr δf >
∂t m
∂δf r q r r
+ υ ⋅ ∇ xr δf = − δE ⋅ ∇ υr < f > + O (δE δf )
∂t m 65

Quasilinear model (2)

r r
Ignoring O(δEδf ), linear perturbation δf can be calculated with δE in
r r r r
the early time τ < τ lin
ac
~ γ lin
−1
, δE ( t − τ ) ≈ δE ( t ) − τ∂ t δE ( t ) = (1 − γ linτ )δE ( t ) then
q i r
δf = − r r δE ⋅ ∇ υr < f >
m ω − k ⋅υ
Inserting linear perturbation into averaged equation, quasi-linear
response can be obtained
∂ q r
f = δE ⋅ ∇ υrδf
∂t m
t r r
q ∂ ∫0i δ E ( t )δ E ( t − τ )dτ ∂ ∂ r ∂
=− r r r r f = − r D(υ ) r f
m ∂υ ω − k ⋅υ ∂υ ∂υ ∂υ
This is a diffusion equation in the phase space with the diffusion
coefficient being a quadratic function of the perturbation amplitude.
For example, if the averaged value (unperturbed part) corresponds to
pressure or temperature, this nonlinear modification may lead profile
66
relaxation, namely so-called quasi-linear flattening effect.

33
Quasilinear transport due to drift wave (1)
Spectral decomposition of perturbation θ̂ B 0 × ∇p
vd = −
E k = −∇ φ k = -ik φ k ~ en 0 B 0
2

E
r
k = k|| bˆ + k bθˆ + k r rˆ ( a)

Radial velocity
r r̂
r cφ ( k × bˆ ) r ⎛ cT ⎞ ⎛ eφ i ⎞ B
υ kr = −i = − ikθ ⎜ i ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
B ⎝ eB ⎠⎝ Ti ⎠ φ̂ ∇ ⊥φ × B 0
B vE = − 2
B0
Perturbed density
r
nkEXB ∇n0 ⋅ υ k ω ⎛ eφ i ⎞ ω*i ⎛ eφ i ⎞
= −i = − *i ⎜ ⎟=− ⎜ ⎟
n0 n0ω k ωk ⎜ T ⎟ ω kr + iγ k ⎜ T ⎟
⎝ i ⎠ ⎝ i ⎠
ω*i ω kr ⎛ eφ k ⎞⎛ γ ⎞
≈− ⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 − i k ⎟
| ω kr |2 ⎜ T ⎟⎜ ω kr ⎟
⎝ i ⎠⎝ ⎠ 67

Quasilinear transport due to drift wave (2)

Particle flux
⎛ cT ⎞ ⎡ ω γ ⎛ eφ ⎤
2
r ⎞
Γ = ∑ Re( nkυ k* ) exp(2γ k t ) = − n0 ⎜ i ⎟ ∑ ⎢ kθ *i k2 ⎜⎜ i ⎟⎟ exp(2γ k t )⎥
k ⎝ eB ⎠ k ⎢⎣ | ω k | ⎝ Ti ⎠ ⎥⎦

Diffusion coefficient
⎛ cT ⎞ ⎡ ⎤
2
γ ⎛ nk ⎞
D ~ − ⎜ i ⎟ ∑ ⎢( kθ Ln ) k ⎜
⎜n
⎟ exp(2γ k t )⎥
⎟
⎝ eB ⎠ k ⎢⎣ ω*i ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎥
⎦

This shows that instability is necessary for turbulent transport.

If the fluctuation is in the ordering of
~
n eφ i 1
~ ~
n0 Ti Ln k r
This is usual rough quasi-linear estimate of turbulent transport based on
linear characteristic of waves 2
γk L
D~ ~
k r2 τk 68

34
Phenomenology of turbulent plasma transport (1)
U. Stroth, Plasma Physics – confinement, Transport
and Collective Effects, Lecture Notes in Physics (2005)
In magnetic fusion plasmas, it is believed that electrostatic turbulence due
to drift wave may be responsible for dominant turbulent transport, i.e., the
transport is mainly caused by EXB drift. The mechanism is

no ~
n

➢ Left : No radial ➢ Density perturbation ➢ Right: perturbations

net-transport; is out of phase with the are in phase, no net-
potential perturbation, transport.
69
radial net-transport.

Phenomenology of turbulent plasma transport (2)

For plasma fluctuations of electrostatic field and density,
~ ~( x, t )
φ ( x, t ) = φ0 ( x ) + φ ( x, t ) n( x , t ) = n 0 ( x ) + n
Turbulent flux averaged over flux surface in Fourier space is,
∞
r
⎛ B × ∇ φ ⎞⎟ ky ~
Γ x =< n~ u~ >= n~ u~ *
∑k k u~k = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ ~i φk
k = −∞ ⎝ B ⎠k B

Cross-correlation function between potential and density in time in

Fourier space is
~ ~ ~ ~ * exp( iωτ )dω
C φn (τ ) = ∫ φ ( t )n ( t + τ )dt = ∫ φ ω ( t )nω

Defining correlation time τ corr and correlation length Lcorr by using the
time and distance after the correlation function decay to 1/e, and roughly
estimating the characteristic ω = 2π / τ corr and k = 2π / Lcorr , turbulent
diffusion is roughly estimated based on mixing length model, as
2
r2 ⎛ k yφ ⎞
Dx = υ TL = ⎜ ⎟ τ corr
⎜ B ⎟ 70
⎝ ⎠

35
Phenomenology of turbulent plasma transport (3)
On the other hand, if the perturbed density is estimated as
n~ = Lcorr ∇ n0 Mixing length estimate
Particle flux due to diffusion is n0 ( x )

Γ x ~ n~ u~ * = Lcorr ∇n0 u~ * = u~ τ corr ∇n0

2
Lcorr n~
2
⎛ k yφ ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ τ ∇n
Quasilinear
⎜ B ⎟ corr 0
⎝ ⎠ flatting of profile
If the cross-phase between perturbed density and potential is considered,
~ exp( iδ ), φ~ = φ~ exp( iδ )
~= n
n n φ

ky ~ ~
Γ x ~ n~ u~ * = n φ sin(δ n − δ φ )
B
Transport depends on the cross-phase. Flow and density should be out
71
phase, otherwise no transport!

Mixing length model in plasma

Similar to neutral fluid, mixing length model is suitable for strong
turbulence in plasma. Particle flux
Γ x =< δυ x ( x , t )δn( x , t ) >
Fluctuated radial velocity is usually due to fluctuated EXB drift. Based on
Fick’s law,
Γ x = − D∇n0
D is estimated based on random walk model (Mixing length model). For the
case of small dissipation, D can be calculated from Taylor expression

∞ l2
D= ∫ dt < δυ x ( t )δυ x ( 0 ) > ~ υ τ
2
~
0 x ac
τ ac
By using r.m.s velocity υ x and correlation timeτ ac . Here υ x τ ac = l is
defined as mixing length.
72

36
Mixing length estimate in tokamak
Diffusive process – Mixing length rule

Δx 2
D≅
τc
Classical (neo-classical) transport Turbulent transport
Δx ~ ρ L Turbulence eddy size
τ ~ τ coll ~ ω −1
ce Δx ~ ρ L Ln
Banana Particle- τ ~ ω *−1
orbit collision Turbulence vortex

Classical (neoclassical) Drift wave driven

Bohm scaling gyro-Bohm scaling
cT ⎛ ρ s ⎞⎛ cTe ⎞ T 3 / 2
D∝ D ∝ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ ∝ 273
eB ⎝ Ln ⎠⎝ eB ⎠ B L

Bohm or Gyro-Bohm? Lin et al, PRL, 2002

Drift wave theory commonly predicts Gyro-Bohm scaling, which decreases

with device size. In tokamak, does transport have Bohm or Gyro-Bohm
scaling?

Role of zonal flow in micro-turbulence 74

37
Validation of mixing length model in plasma
➢ An improved mixing length estimate is derived by Connor (PPCF, 2001),
which is in agreement with strong turbulence theory
2.4 2 ⎛γk γ k2 ⎞
D⊥ = ⎜ 2 2 ⎟
2 ⎜ k ω +γ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⊥ k k ⎠ max − k
➢ Similar to neutral fluid, mixing length model is suitable for strong
turbulence in plasma and the mean free path of particle is much small
than the eddy correlation length.

➢ However, common mixing length estimate can not properly predict

electron transport in electron-scale turbulence like ETG (Lin et al, PRL,
2007). In ETG, transport does not directly relate to eddy length, The
transport is proportional to the local fluctuation intensity and diffusive
process with a time scale comparable to the wave-particle decorrelation
time, which is much shorter than the fluid time scale of eddy mixing.
➢ Electron-scale turbulence and electron transport are hot topics currently
under studies, some simulations show high transport with streamer-type
75
structures. The benchmark is still going on.

Comparison of ETG transport in simulations (1)

Lin, et al PRL 2007

Dorland et al. PRL 2000

76
Jenko et al PRL 2002

38
Comparison of ETG transport in simulations (2)

77
Idomura et al. NF 2005 Li et al. NF 2005

General transport theory

All simplified model above are based on formal Fick’s law for particle and
heat diffusion. Physically, diffusion coefficients should be replaced by
fluxes. d d eff d
Γ x =< δυ x ( x , t )δn( x , t ) >= − D n n0 − χ nT T0 ~ − Dn n0
dx dx dx
d d d
Q x =< δυ x ( x , t )δT ( x , t ) >= − DTn n0 − χ T T0 ~ − χ Teff T0
dx dx dx

Due to the complexity of the plasma

turbulence, a comprehensive theoretical
description of anomalous transport is
still being developed. Turbulent
transport models can generally predict
a complicated relation between particle
and heat transport and show the
importance of the off-diagonal terms.
78
ITER Physics Basis (IPB) Nucl. Fusion 47 (2007) S18–S127
Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport

39
Theoretical derivation of anomalous transport

There are many similar works, here is just an

example in early time !!!

79

Origin of turbulent transport in tokamak

Plasma profile ∇ρ 0
E27302
T (keV)

20 (a) T ITBT (c)

20
10 ∇ρ 0 ⋅ G > 0
i (b)
(a)

T
ne 8
i
ne (1019 cmV

15
15

10
10 T e t=6.6 s 6
4 G Rayleigh-Taylor
5
5
t=6.6 s 2
0 4.1 s instability
0
0

12 (c) t=4.0 sq 2
1
-3) (105 m/sec)

VT
T

8 0
q

4 -1 ∇P ⋅G < 0 ∇P ⋅G > 0
t=6.6 s -2
0 1 -3 stable unstabl
0 0.20.40.60.81 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

r (º r/a) ρ (≡ r / a )
e
G
∇P
inhomogeneity
Ti;e
q
ne
Free energy source
Bt
Banana ITG; ETG; all instabilities and
80
orbit turbulence

40
Spatio-temporal scaling of turbulent fluctuation in
fusion plasmas

Waves

Instabilities

Turbulence

Transport

Confinement
81

Going to mechanism of turbulent mechanisms:

micro-instability

82

41