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Enzymes revision
Enzyme defenition:
An enzyme is a biological catalyst and
is almost always a protein. It speeds
up the rate of a specific chemical
reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not

What is
destroyed during the reaction and is

active site ?
used over and over

an

Enzymes are protein molecules with a three dimen-

shape On the surface of sa
every
sional . enzyue
region
subthispecial shape
, known the active a as site

The or the
enzyme binds to the active site
-

to form an enzyme-substrate complex .

It is in the active syte that substrates are converted

into products
.

How do enzymes and substrates meet ?

Most biological reactions
and substrate molecules take place a onspenze
e

collision a
in
with one another When a .
cours in the correct
Orientation the substral
, emdecule fits into the active
site in similar way to a
key fitting into a lock .

Nature of science :

used
The lock and key hypothesis has been model or as a

analogy to explain enzyme-substrate interactions .

second theory , the induced fit model has refined our

A

understanding of the process. Models like these unable

Scientists to make predictions and describe the proces's in
simple turMS -

E
active site

How
-
O G enzyme
strate
enzymes products A substrate molecule is
drawn into the active site

Catalyses down
of the
enzyme
.

G
↳
fa
The products arereleased

substrate and the

,

· enzyme is
ready to
receive another substrate molecule
W

molecule into
enzyme
two product strat
molecules
 Biological detergents definition:
Biological detergents contain enzymes that help break down the fatty, greasy, and starchy compounds that are
found in some of the most common clothing stains such as pasta sauces, bike oil, and hamburger grease.

Protease definition:
An enzyme which breaks down proteins and peptides. They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds
within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water breaks bonds

Amylases definition:
An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in the
saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of
digestion.

Inert material definition:

Inert materials are classed as 'waste that does not undergo any significant
physical, chemical or biological transformations and is unlikely to adversely
affect other matter with which it comes into contact'.

Substrate definition

be the surface on which an organism (eg: plant, fungus, or animal) lives

or the substance on which an enzyme can act
Codon definition
a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a
unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Genes definition
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring
and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

Allele Definition
each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by
mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Genetic Mutation Definition

a change in the sequence of bases in a gene
Genome definition
the whole genetic information of an organism
Eukaryotic Chromosome definition
long threads of DNA and protein that carry the genetic material of the cell. In
prokaryotes the DNA in a chromosome is not associated with proteins

Definitions
Diploid nucleus: contains two copies of each chromosome in homologous pair

Haploid nucleus: contains one chromosome of each homologous pair

Homologous pair: a pair of matching chromosomes that carry the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes

Somatic cell: a body cell that is not a gamete

Gamete: a haploid sex cell, for example, sperm, ovum or pollen

Karyotype Definition

the number of types of chromosomes in the nucleus

Meiosis definition
The type of cell division that takes place in ovaries and
testes of animals, and in the anthers and ovaries of
plants to produce haploid gametes for sexual
reproduction
Definitions
Axon: the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which
impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

Synapse: a short branched extension of a nerve cell,

along which impulses received from other cells at
synapses are transmitted to the cell body

Motor Neuron: a nerve cell forming part of a pathway

along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord
to a muscle or gland