Standard Level, Paper 2019 (empt2)

1 ,
May
Option A-Freshwater
1
.
9) 6 3 m/s
.

b) 5
6) Deforestation is one possible cause due to the increased
run-off ending up in the M
Channel modifications verincreasing
could dischargeo the
lower number of meanders slowing down the river
.

d)i) the smooth river bed and bank of modified channel

a
increase the velocity and
risks
discharge , increasing flood
ii) raised banks assist with flood mitigation even when
there is more
case of intensive
discharge
rainfall
than usual ,
such as in the

.
2 3) Deposition is what creates afloodplain after flooding
.The load
occurs deposited during the flood is eroded sand
and gravel.
Meanders are created after load is deposited on the

verbankandthenerodedcreating smooth
and flood plains
cus.a
,
deposition and erosion is
necessary.
Option
D-Geophysical Hazards
7 .) Damaged houses could lead to homelessness.
Damaged schools could lead to a poorly educated generation .
b) A unbalanced age distribution will lead to issues with
assisting the
overly populated seniors/juniors due to being
in fewer number and ,
being overwhelmed
c) Preparedness such as
wearing helmets will
increase the
. Also communication between communities can
resilience ,

warn or help each other

increasing resilience
,
.

Moving to earthquake safe locations would decrease or even ,

eliminate the danger of earthquakes

, .
8 . b) Mass movement hazard risk could both decreas and
,
increase in the future
,
.The risk could be reduced due
to advanced and developing infrastructure as well as
technology .
Houses are stronger and more stable making
,

it possible to withstand avalanches mudflows and

be even rockfalls
, ,
may-
makes it possible to predict
.
Technology
such events allowing the locality to be warned in advance
, ,
reducing the risk .

, the risk might increase due to global warming

However
causing extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes
, ,
more often .