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Effects of different extraction methods on some properties of water hyacinth

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DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2018.1448316

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Effects of different extraction methods on some

properties of water hyacinth fiber

Sakorn Chonsakorn, Supanicha Srivorradatpaisan & Rattanaphol

Mongkholrattanasit

To cite this article: Sakorn Chonsakorn, Supanicha Srivorradatpaisan & Rattanaphol

Mongkholrattanasit (2019) Effects of different extraction methods on some properties of water
hyacinth fiber, Journal of Natural Fibers, 16:7, 1015-1025, DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2018.1448316

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JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
2019, VOL. 16, NO. 7, 1015–1025
https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2018.1448316

Effects of different extraction methods on some properties of

water hyacinth fiber
Sakorn Chonsakorna, Supanicha Srivorradatpaisana, and Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasitb
a
Department of Textile and Clothing, Faculty of Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology
Thanyaburi, Pathumtani, Thailand; bDepartment of Textile Chemistry Technology, Faculty of Industrial Textiles and
Fashion Design, Rajamangala University of Technology, Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
The objective of this research was to study the effects of using extraction Fiber; water hyacinth;
procedures on raw water hyacinth fiber to produce an improved quality of extraction; tenacity;
fiber, applying different methods of extraction. The mechanical extraction morphology; textile
method for water hyacinth fiber extraction was first employed using a semi- 关键词
automatic fiber extraction machine to grate the outer stems of the water 纤维; 水葫芦; 提取; 韧性;
hyacinth. Following this, several extraction approaches were used, including 形态学; 织物
the mechanical, chemical, natural alkali, retting, and boiling extraction proce-
dures. The aim was to obtain a rapid and efficient outcome, which is ideal for
production in industrial use. The results showed that the chemical composition
of water hyacinth consisted of 72.17% cell walls, 52.63% lignocelluloses, 2.25%
lignin, 54% hemicelluloses, and 50.38% cellulose. The water hyacinth fibers
were 30–50 cm in length and approximately 50 µm in diameter. The result
from the fiber extraction process comprising the mechanical method, followed
by the chemical extraction method, created an even surface texture, with the
highest number of split fibers after the process.

摘要
本研究的目的是研究利用水葫芦纤维原料提取程序产生的纤维品质提高的
影响，采用不同的提取方法，提取水葫芦纤维机械提取方法首次使用半自
动纤维提取机-炉外的水葫芦茎。接下来，用几种提取方法，包括机械、
化工、天然碱、沤、煮提取程序，目的是为了获得一种快速、高效的结
果，这是理想的使用在工业生产。结果表明，水葫芦的化学组成of72.17 %
细胞壁木质纤维素木质素，52.63%，2.25%，54%和50.38%的半纤维素、
纤维素。水葫芦纤维30的长度和直径约50厘米µM。纤维萃取过程的结
果，包括机械法，然后是化学提取法，创造了一个均匀的表面纹理，分裂
后的纤维数量最多的过程。

Introduction
Thailand’s textile industry has a continued commitment to developing the technology of textile machinery,
quality fiber, yarn, and fabric. Most developments in the advancing technology concurrently focus on the
use of agricultural crops, such as sugar palm fiber, for increasing the textile output for the benefit of the
industry. Sugar palm fiber is a prospective fiber used to reinforce polymer composites (Rashid et al. 2016).
Moreover, coir fiber is composed of many tube fibers with large hollows that align in parallel (Yu, Xie, and
Du 2016). In addition, bamboo fibers are increasingly used in many ways as a new kind of natural material;
due to their unique properties, these fibers have great potential for application in the textile field (Liu and
Hu 2008). The effects of alkali pretreatment on the dye exhaustion, color values, color fastness, and tensile

CONTACT Sakorn Chonsakorn sakorn_c@rmutt.ac.th Department of Textile and Clothing, Rajamangala University of
Technology Thanyaburi, 39 Village No. 1 Rangsit-Nakornnayok Road, Klong 6, Thanyaburi District, Pathumthani, 12110, Thailand.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/wjnf.
© 2018 Taylor & Francis
1016 S. CHONSAKORN ET AL.

and surface properties of lyocell yarns were investigated (Yolacan 2009). The textile industry in Thailand
promotes natural fibers by using the development approach from the 8th National Research Policy and
Strategy. The focus strategically emphasizes exploiting the massive potential for economic development due
to natural fibers’ many uses. The strategy mainly highlights the research to enhance agricultural production,
which comprises the value-added creation of agricultural products, including those from the forestry and
fishery industries, in the development and dissemination of knowledge as a basis for development, thereby
creating growth in a sustainable economy. This important research strategy can increase the value of many
widely used agricultural products. Developing competitiveness and self-reliance of agriculture production
by focusing on the research outcomes will promote the development of economic crops, adding value and
competitiveness to agricultural production, including self-reliance, in these industries. The mechanical and
physical properties of spun yarns and fabrics depend not only on the mechanical properties of the fibers
making up the yarn, but also on the geometrical arrangement of fibers, which is known as fiber migration
(Shahrabi et al. 2013). Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have long played a dominant role in a variety of
applications due to their high strength and modulus (Biswas, Kindo, and Patnai 2011). Recently, cellulose-
based superabsorbent material has attracted attention as promising for use in many fields; this is due to its
abundance and outstanding biodegradability and biocompatibility properties (Liu, Zhang, and Juming
2014). Natural fibers also have a complex structure, mostly consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin,
as well as other minor components (Reddy et al. 2013).
Water hyacinth is a weed that has not yet been utilized in industry, but which has great potential
in many fields. It is classed as a biennial plant that can survive in various seasons and many water
conditions. It has a short stem and blossomed leaves with a tussock shape, and it floats in the water.
The water hyacinth’s main benefits are as a food and herb, while its most frequent medical uses
involve the treatment of toxicity in the body, curing infections or wounds. In addition, we found that
the water hyacinth can absorb three types of nitrogen in different quantities.
Tests have concluded that the types of nitrogen absorbed by the water hyacinth at the highest levels
are organic nitrogen (95%), nitrate nitrogen (80%), and ammonia nitrogen (77%). The most important
conclusive value we found was that the water hyacinth stems consisted of a high fiber length. This was
consistent with the direction of the fibers needed in the development of textile products for preventing
disease, such as sport, health care, and technical textiles (Ragsima, Virasack, and Brave 2010). In
addition, the strength of the fiber produces an antibacterial use (Tara and Jagannatha 2011).
Cellulose nanofibers were isolated from the water hyacinth aquatic weed via a combination of chemical
and mechanical treatments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation revealed that pure
cellulose fibers were obtained after chemical treatment (Sundari and Ramesh 2012).
The value in the development of textile technology is evident in the concept of using water
hyacinth fibers to generate textile products. The first step in the process of using water hyacinth
stems is extraction of the fibers via the mechanical method; then, after treatment with alkaline, it is
necessary to study the strength and surface properties of the fibers. From the research results, the
fibers with the best properties can be used to produce spun yarn, fabric, and textile products.
The present research responds to the textile market’s demand for environmentally friendly materi-
als. In meeting this demand, farmers can increase the value of water hyacinths, which are weeds
growing along rivers and canals. This will realize the vision of Thailand’s leadership of creating
increased economic opportunities by using natural fibers in the ASEAN community (AEC).

Experimental
Materials
Water hyacinth stems were obtained from a local river in Pathumthani province, Thailand. The fresh
stems were selected to be no longer than 50 cm in length, as shown in Figure 1. The stems were cleaned,
and the roots and leaves were cut off; following this, they were tied together and soaked in water.
 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 1017

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. Preparation of fresh water hyacinth stems; (a) fresh water hyacinth from a local river, (b) cutting roots and leaves out of
the stems, and (c) the fresh water hyacinth stems.

Methods
Extraction of raw water hyacinth fiber
In this research, six extraction methods were employed, as follows: mechanical extraction, chemical
extraction, mechanical and chemical extraction, boiling extraction, natural alkali extraction, and
retting extraction. The mechanical extraction was the first method used for the extraction of the
water hyacinth fiber samples; after which, the other extraction methods were employed. For the
mechanical extraction, a semi-automatic mechanical extraction machine was used; the treatment was
carried out to reduce the fiber size. This method involves a five-step process, as follows: (1) placing
the stems in the machine, (2) fiber collection, (3) fiber tightening, (4) fiber scouring, and (5) fiber
drying. One positive way of using mechanical force was roller grinding, which produced fast and
efficient results with low cost. The outer shell of the stem was continuously scraped to obtain the
fibers.

Evaluation of the physical and chemical properties of raw water hyacinth fibers
Cross-section. The sample preparation for the SEM analysis was performed by coating the fiber with
10 mm of gold-colored sputtering coater using an Edward Sputter Coater apparatus for 5 minutes.
The SEM image of the fiber sample was recorded using a JEOL (Model 6390) electron micro-
scope, with an accelerating voltage of 20 kv and a working distance of 15 mm.

Length. The fiber length analysis was tested according to ASTM D5332-92 (Standard Test Method
for Fiber Length and Length Distribution of Cotton Fibers).

Diameter. The fiber diameter was measured and tested using the SEM photographs of individual
fibers taken along a longitudinal direction. Ten different fiber samples were tested to obtain accurate
results. The fiber diameter was tested according to ASTM D 1577-07 (Standard Test Methods for
Linear Density of Textile Fibers) and determined using an SEM.

Chemical composition. The chemical composition of the untreated water hyacinth fibers was
determined using the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industries (TAPPI) standard
and other methods for different components, namely T 203 cm-99 (α-cellulose) and T 222 om-06
(lignin). The holocellulose was recorded and determined following the method described by Wise
et al. (1946). The hemicellulose fraction was calculated as the difference between the holocellulose
and α-cellulose contents. The percentage contents of extractive, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and
lignin were determined, and the average and standard deviation values were based on the sample
report.
1018 S. CHONSAKORN ET AL.

Different methods for extracting water hyacinth fibers

Mechanical extraction. The mechanically extracted water hyacinth fiber bundles were air dried at
room temperature for 24 hours. The dried fibers were then sorted and shaken to retrieve the longest
fibers and remove the short ones. The manual trash and shive methods were undertaken to discard
the entangled shive.

Chemical extraction. The chemical used for alkali extraction was sodium hydroxide (NaOH); the
fibers were treated with 10% sodium hydroxide at 37°C, maintaining a liquor ratio of 25:1, and
immersed in the alkali solution for the optimized 1-hour period. The fibers were washed with tap
water repeatedly, neutralized with diluted acetic acid, and washed again with distilled water;
following this, they were dried in a hot air oven at 70°C for 24 hours.

Mechanical and chemical extraction. In the double-mechanical process method, manual equipment
was used to beat the fiber bundle of 2 kg in weight and 3 m in height. After the chemical was
prepared, it was applied to the treated water hyacinth fiber as in the chemical extraction process; the
fibers were then rinsed and spread out to dry.

Boiling extraction. The water hyacinth fiber bundles were cleaned in water and stewed in boiling
water for 2 hours. They were then soaked for 5 hours and dried in a hot air oven at 70°C for
24 hours.

Natural alkali extraction. The natural alkali used for the natural alkali extraction was ash from
banana stems. This treatment employed 10% ash at 37°C, maintaining a liquor ratio of 20:1, and the
water hyacinth fibers were immersed in the natural alkali solution for the optimized 1-hour period.
The fibers were then washed with tap water repeatedly, washed with distilled water, and dried in a
hot air oven at 70°C for 24 hours.

Retting extraction. The final method used for the water hyacinth fiber samples was retting extrac-
tion, which involved drying the fiber samples in the sun for 10–15 days, and then rinsing them in
sulfuric acid solution (concentration of 1 g/L) for 2 minutes. Finally, they were washed in water to
neutralize them at a temperature of 60°C. After drying and combining the fibers, they were placed in
a storage box with a relative humidity of 65% (Akin 2005). After this treatment and subsequent
cleaning, the presence of shives and trash in the fibers diminished the spinning efficiency and final
product quality.

Physical properties of treated water hyacinth fiber

Tensile testing. The tensile strength was examined based on the ASTM D3222-07 standard
(Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers), with a crosshead speed
of 50 mm/min. Dumbbell-shaped samples (50 m in length and 4 mm in width at the neck) were
used in all the experiments. Five dumbbell-shaped samples were prepared for each composition
to obtain the average value and standard deviation for each composite. The tensile strength,
amount of elongation at the breaking point, and modulus of elasticity were obtained for each
composite.

SEM study. Studies on the morphology and cross-section of the surfaces of the water hyacinth fiber
composites were carried out using a desktop scanning electron microscope (Hitachi TM 3000). The
sample surfaces were dried in an air oven at 70°C for 2 hours.
 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 1019

Results and discussion

Physical and chemical properties of raw water hyacinth fibers
In the results for the water hyacinth fiber extraction using the mechanical method, combined with
the preliminary method using the semi-automatic machine, the fiber size was reduced. Normally, the
fibers were estimated to be 0.2–2 mm in length (Sun and Cheng 2002). One way of using mechanical
force was roller grinding; this allowed successful production, with the benefit of low cost. The water
hyacinth fibers produced parallel fiber bundles, as shown in Figure 2(b).

Cross-section
The characteristics of water hyacinth fibers treated using the mechanical extraction processes are
shown in Figure 3. As illustrated in Figure 3(a), the water hyacinth fibers were observed to be in a
tight-knit group of fiber bundles, and from the cross-section in Figure 3(b), there were large lumens
representing air holes. This is the main reason the plant is lightweight and able to float on the surface
of the water. Compared to the same period last year, along with the previous survey’s record, the
estimated average growth rate was 17%. For comparison, China had up to 11,902 natural fiber
manufacturers as of 2003.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Water hyacinth fiber extraction; (a) extracted water hyacinth fiber from the stem and (b) water hyacinth bundle fibers.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. The characteristics of water hyacinth fiber by mechanical extraction; (a) the cross-section of a bundle of fibers at x1000
and (b) the cross-section of a single fiber at x1500 magnification.
1020 S. CHONSAKORN ET AL.

Table 1. The physical properties of raw water hyacinth fiber.

Property Result
Length 30–50 cm
Diameter 50 µm

Length and diameter

As shown in Table 1, using the mechanical extraction method, the physical properties of raw water
hyacinth showed fibers of 30–50 cm in length and 50 µm in diameter. For comparison with a
previous study of natural fibers, the following results were obtained for vegetable fibers: flax fiber,
15–25 µm; hemp fiber, 17–24 mm in length; elementary fiber, 10–17 µm in diameter; elementary
kenaf fiber, 13–20 µm in diameter; jute fiber, 15–35 µm in diameter; pineapple fiber, 25–34 µm in
diameter; and elementary sisal fiber, 15–30 µm in diameter (Jakubowska, Bogacz, and Zimniewska
2012).

Chemical properties of raw water hyacinth fiber

According to Table 2, the water hyacinth fiber consisted of 72.17% cell wall, 52.63% lignocelluloses,
2.25% lignin, 19.54% hemicelluloses, and 50.38% cellulose. However, the subsequent chemical
analysis of water hyacinths provided the following results: 62.3% cell wall, 29.0% lignocelluloses,
33.4% hemicellulose, 9.27% lignin, and 19.5% cellulose (Gunnarsson and Petersen 2007). In contrast,
for comparison with the chemical compositions of other fibers, it has been found that jute fiber is a
cellulose fiber comprising 12–13% lignin, 13.6–20.4% hemicellulose, and 61–71.5% cellulose. In
addition, sisal fiber is made up of 8.0–11.0% lignin, 10.0–14.2% hemicellulose, and 67–78% cellulose
(Kabir et al. 2012).

Tensile properties of treated water hyacinth fibers

As shown in Table 3, the boiling method of fiber processing resulted in the highest tensile strength,
at 115.26 (gf/den), followed by 112.76 (gf/den) for chemical extraction, 109.14 (gf/den) for mechan-
ical extraction, and 58.62 (gf/den) for mechanical and chemical extraction. The mechanical extrac-
tion elongation was averaged at 7.72%, followed by the mechanical and chemical extraction, at 6.33%
(Bourahli and Osmani 2013).

Table 2. The chemical compositions of raw water hyacinth fiber.

Composition Pre-fermented fiber (%)
Cell wall (neutral detergent fiber) 72.17
Lignocelluloses (acid detergent fiber) 52.63
Lignin (acid detergent lignin) 2.25
Hemicelluloses 19.54
Cellulose 50.38

Table 3. The tensile strength comparison of water hyacinth fiber using different extraction methods.
Tensile strength Standard Coefficient of Elongation Standard Coefficient of
Extraction methods (grams-force per denier) deviation variation (%) deviation variation
Mechanical extraction 108.62 70.99 121.11 7.72 5.98 77.48
Chemical extraction 112.76 72.51 64.30 3.07 1.28 41.88
Mechanical and 109.14 66.19 60.65 6.33 6.39 100.96
chemical extraction
Natural alkali extraction 110.14 72.12 58.63 5.89 5.30 89.28
Retting extraction 109.54 68.20 59.32 6.65 6.10 94.49
Boiled extraction 115.26 58.51 50.76 2.51 0.96 38.38
 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 1021

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 4. The mechanical extraction of water hyacinth; (a) SEM lengthwise fiber (x1.0k), (b) SEM lengthwise fiber (x500), (c) SEM
lengthwise fibers (x150), and (d) water hyacinth fiber.

It was found that treated Diss fibers (Ampelodesmos mauritanicus) were characterized in terms of
physicochemical performances and mechanical properties when alkaline treatment was used in the
tensile strength scale parameter. This decreased the tensile strength and was also observed in the
alkali treatment for its effects on the mechanical properties and fiber structures.

Surface morphology of treated water hyacinth fibers

It is crucial to develop the correct process to produce fibers with superior properties for sustain-
able industrial use. Further research was continued on the water hyacinth mechanical extraction
method to assess the fiber structure. Other methods were analyzed for their effects on the
characteristics of the long section of water hyacinth fibers, both in terms of length and width.
According to Figures 4–9, the fibers produced by different extraction methods resulted in different
surfaces and textures. The fibers produced by the mechanical method followed by the chemical
extraction method had an even surface texture and showed the highest number of fiber splits, as
illustrated in Figure 5(b) and (c).

Conclusion
The physical properties of the raw water hyacinth showed that all the mechanically extracted fibers
from the plant were tight-knit fiber bundles containing large lumens for air flow. The fibers were
also lightweight, resulting in the plant’s ability to float on the surface of water. The fibers produced
by the different extraction methods had different surface textures. The mechanical extraction
1022 S. CHONSAKORN ET AL.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 5. The water hyacinth fiber using the mechanical and chemical extraction method; (a) SEM lengthwise fiber (x400), (b) SEM
lengthwise fiber (x250 magnification), (c) SEM lengthwise fiber (x600 magnification), and (d) water hyacinth fiber.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 6. The water hyacinth fiber using chemical extraction; (a) SEM lengthwise fiber (x100); (b) SEM lengthwise fiber (x400
magnification); (c) SEM lengthwise fiber (x180 magnification), and (d) water hyacinth fiber.
 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS 1023

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 7. The water hyacinth fiber extraction method using the boiling processes; (a) SEM lengthwise fiber (x50 magnification), (b)
SEM lengthwise fiber (x80 magnification), (c) SEM lengthwise fiber (x180 magnification), and (d) water hyacinth fiber.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 8. The water hyacinth fiber extraction using alkali (NaOH); (a) SEM lengthwise fiber (x50 magnification), (b) SEM lengthwise
fiber (x100 magnification), (c) SEM lengthwise fiber (x200 magnification), and (d) water hyacinth fiber.
1024 S. CHONSAKORN ET AL.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 9. The water hyacinth fiber extraction by retting; (a) SEM lengthwise fiber (x50 magnification), (b) SEM lengthwise fiber
(x500 magnification), (c) SEM lengthwise fiber (x120 magnification), and (d) water hyacinth fiber.

method resulted in the highest elongation, whereas the chemical extraction method produced an
even texture and had the highest number of fiber splits. Thus, these two methods were found to be
superior to the other approaches, and they can be adopted to improve the quality of natural fibers
from plants in the future.

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Textile Development Center and Textile Testing Center from the Thailand Textile
Institute, for assisting us in terms of testing fiber. We would like to thank the Thailand Textile Institute for the
financial support. Last, we thank Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi for providing us the place to
study and research.

Funding
We would like to thank the Thailand Textile Institute for the financial support.

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