Physics

CHAPTER 5
Laws of Motion

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 The linear momentum of The opposition to any
Linear a body is defined as the relative motion between
product of the mass of
Friction two surfaces in contact is
Momentum
the body and its velocity. referred to as friction.

Centripetal force is the force

Impulse is defined as the required to move a body
product of force and the uniformly in a circle. This
Impulse small time interval for which Centripetal Force force acts along the radius
it acts. and towards the centre of
the circle.

Centrifugal force is a force

that arises when a body is
Centrifugal moving actually along a
Force circular path, by virtue of
tendency of the body to regain
its natural straight line path.
 It is the opposing force
Static friction is the
that comes into play when
force of friction on an
Static friction object that is not
Dynamic Friction one body is actually
moving over the surface
moving. of another body.

Actual Weight is Apparent weight is a

property of objects that
Actual Weight exactly what the Apparent Weight corresponds to how heavy
object weighs
an object is.

The condition of a system

when neither its state of
Equilibrium motion nor its internal
energy state tends to
change with time.6
 Dynamics is the branch of Motion is the
physics in which we study
phenomenon in which an
the motion of a body by
Dynamics taking into consideration
Motion object changes its
position with respect to
the cause i.e., force which
space and time.
produces the motion.

Force is an external cause in the It is the angle which the

form of push or pull, which produces
resultant of the force of
or tries to produce motion in a body
limiting friction F and the
Force at rest, or stops/tries to stop a Angle of Friction normal reaction R makes
moving body or changes/tries to
change the direction of motion of with the direction of the
the body. normal reaction.

Angle of repose (α) is the

angle of an inclined plane
with the horizontal at which
Angle of Repose a body placed over it just
begins to slide down without
any acceleration.
 The coefficient of friction
A pulley is a wheel that carries a
(μ) between two surfaces
flexible rope, cord, cable, chain,
Coefficient of is the ratio of their limiting
frictional force to the
Simple Pulley or belt on its rim. Pulleys are
Friction used singly or in combination to
normal force between
transmit energy and motion.
them.

When an external force is applied

A body will remain at rest or to a body of constant mass the
Newton’s Laws continue to move with uniform Newton’s Laws of force produces an acceleration,
velocity unless an external
of Motion 1 Motion 2 which is directly proportional to the
force is applied to it. force and inversely proportional to
the mass of the body.

Newton's third law states

that when two bodies
Newton’s Laws interact, they apply forces
of Motion 3 to one another that are
equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction.
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Name- Gayathri Kunnathodi
Class- 11-A
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 Physics

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Gayathri kunnathodi
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 Velocity
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
Velocity is defined as Formula = Δs/Δt
a vector measurement Dimension: LT−1
of the rate and
direction of motion.
 Acceleration
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
Acceleration, rate at Formula = Δv/Δt
which velocity changes
with time, in terms of
Dimension: LT−2
both speed and
direction.
 acceleration due
to gravity
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
Acceleration due to
Formula = GM/r2
gravity is the
acceleration gained by
Dimension: LT−2
an object due to
gravitational force.
 Gravitational
force
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
The gravitational Formula = mg
force is a force that Dimension: ML3T-2
attracts any two
objects with mass.
 momentum
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
Momentum is a physics Formula = mv
term; it refers to the Dimension: MLT−1
quantity of motion
that an object has.
 centripetal force
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
A centripetal force Formula = mass x
is a force that velocity2 / radius
makes a body follow Dimension: M0LT-2
a curved path.
 centrifugal force
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
Centrifugal force is Formula = m v² / r
the apparent outward Dimension: ML3T-2
force on a mass when
it is rotated.
 inertia
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
Inertia is the Formula = mr2
resistance of any Dimension: LT2
physical object to a
change in its velocity.
 speed
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
Speed is the time Formula = d/t
rate at which an Dimension: LT−1
object is moving
along a path
 displacement
Definition Formula + dimension Picture
Displacement is Formula = d/t
defined as the Dimension: LT−1
change in position
of an object.
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 Chemistry
Gayathri Kunnathodi
11-A
Reg no. 0094

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 An element consists of These are compounds
only one type of particles. which are obtained from
Elements These particles may be
Inorganic Compounds non-living sources such as
atoms or molecules. rocks and minerals.

It may be defined as a pure The compounds which are

substance containing two or more present in plants and
elements combined together in a animals. All the organic
Compounds fixed proportion by weight and can Organic Compounds compounds have been found
be decomposed into these elements
to contain carbon as their
by suitable chemical methods.
essential constituent.

A pure substance may be

CHAPTER 1 defined as a single

Some Basic Concepts of Pure substances substance (or matter) which

cannot be separated by
Chemistry simple physical methods.
 The smallest and The number of protons
lightest positive ion was present in the nucleus
Proton Atomic Number
obtained from hydrogen is equal to the atomic
and was called proton. number (z).

Atoms with identical

It is a neutral particle. It atomic number but
Neutron was discovered by Isotopes different atomic mass
Chadwick (1932). number are known as
Isotopes.

Cathode rays consist

CHAPTER 2 Cathode Rays of negatively charged
Structure of Atom particles.
 A metal is a material that, when
Horizontal rows in a freshly prepared, polished, or
periodic table are fractured, shows a lustrous
Periods Metals appearance, and conducts
known as periods. electricity and heat relatively
well.

The elements (e.g., silicon,

germanium, arsenic, antimony Element that generally
Metalloids and tellurium) show the Non-metals lacks a predominance of
characteristic, of both metals
metallic properties
and non-metals.

All the members are of gaseous

CHAPTER 3 nature and because of the
Classification of Elements Noble Gases presence of all the occupied filled
orbitals, they have very little
and Periodicity in tendency to take part in chemical

Properties combination.
 Atoms of different elements
The force that holds take part in chemical
different atoms in a combination in order to
Chemical Bond molecule is called
Octet Rule complete their octet or to
chemical bond. attain the noble gas
configuration.

It is the outermost When the bond is formed

Valence shell electron which Covalent between two or more atoms by
mutual contribution and
Electrons takes part in chemical Bond sharing of electrons, it is
combination. known as covalent bond.

In polyatomic ions, the net

charge is the charge on the ion
CHAPTER 4 as a whole and not by particular

Chemical Bonding and Formal Charge atom. However, charges can be

assigned to individual atoms or
Molecular Structure ions. These are called formal
charges.
 Pressure of non reacting gases are
generally collected over water and A gas which does not
therefore are moist. Pressure of dry follow ideal gas behaviour
Aqueous Tension gas can be calculated by Real Gas under all conditions of
subtracting vapors pressure of
water from total pressure of moist temperature and pressure
gas.

Liquifaction of gases can be It is defined as that

achieved either by lowering temperature above which a
Liquifaction of the temperature or increasing
Critical
gas cannot be liquified
Gases the pressure of the gas Temperature however high pressure may
simultaneously. be applied on the gas.

It is defined as the force

acting per unit length
CHAPTER 5 Surface Tension perpendicular to the line
States of Matter drawn on the surface of
liquid.
 In a system, when there is In a system, when no
exchange of energy and exchange of energy or
Open System matter taking place with Isolated System matter takes place with the
the surroundings, then it is surroundings, is called
called an open system. isolated system

A system is said to be A mixture is said to be

Homogeneous homogeneous when all the heterogeneous when it
constituents present is in the Heterogeneous
System consists of two or more
same phase and is uniform system phases and the composition
throughout the system. is not uniform

When the operation is carried

CHAPTER 6 Isothermal out at constant temperature,
process the process is said to be
Thermodynamics isothermal.
 In a chemical reaction chemical
equilibrium is defined as the
Substances which
Chemical state at which there is no Electrolytes conduct electricity in
Equilibrium further change in concentration their aqueous solution.
of reactants and products

Those electrolytes which on Those electrolytes

Strong dissolution in water are Weak which on dissolution in
ionized almost completely electrolyte water partially
Electrolytes
are called strong dissociated are called
electrolytes weak electrolyte.

The equilibrium formed

CHAPTER 7 Ionic between ions and unionised

Equilibrium Equilibrium substance is called ionic

equilibrium
 Oxidation is defined as the Reduction is defined as the
addition of memoval of
oxygen/electronegative element oxygen/electronegative element
Oxidation Reduction from a substance or addition of
to a substance or rememoval of
hydrogen/ electropositive hydrogen or electropositive
element from a susbtance. element to a substance.

It is a device in which
It is the potential
redox reaction is carried
Electrochemical Electrode difference between
indirectly and decrease in
cell energy gives electrical potential the electrode and its
energy. ions in solution.

It is activity series. It has

been formed by arranging
CHAPTER 8 Electrochemical
the metals in order of
series
Redox Reactions increasing standard
reduction potential value.
 It is due to the presence of It is due to the presence of
bicarbonates of calcium and chlorides and sulphates of
Temporary magnesium in water. It is
Permanent
calcium and magnesium. It
hardness known as temporary because hardness cannot be removed on
it can be easily removed by
boiling water.
simple boiling of hard water.

Hydrides formed between

Water which readily hydrogen and
Soft water forms lather with soap
Stoichiometric electropositive element of
is called soft water.
compounds group I and II belonging to
s-block.

Hydrogen is the lightest

element. At standard
CHAPTER 9 Hydrogen conditions hydrogen is a gas
Hydrogen of diatomic molecules
having the formula H₂.
 These elements are called
The ionization enthalpies
alkali metals because they
Ionization of the alkali metals are
readily dissolve in water to
Alkali metals form soluble hydroxides, Enthalpy
generally low and
which are strongly alkaline in decrease down the group
nature. from Li to Cs

Carbonates of alkaline Smaller the size of the

Carbonates earth metals are thermally Hydration ion, more is its tendency
unstable and decompose on Enthalpy to get hydrated hence
heating. more is the hydration
enthalpy

They are much similar to

alkali metals but due to
CHAPTER 10 Alkaline earth small size some differences
metals are there. Their oxides and
The s-Block Elements hydroxides are less basic
than the alkali metals.
 Allotropy or allotropism is
the property of some The covalent radius, rcov, is
chemical elements to exist in Covalent a measure of the size of an
Allotropes two or more different
radius atom that forms part of
forms, in the same physical
one covalent bond.
state

In graphite, carbon is sp2-

hybridized. Graphite has a Fullerenes is prepared by
two-dimensional sheet like heating of graphite in an
Graphite Fullerenes electric arc in the presence
structure consisting of a
number of hexagonal rings of inert gas such as
fused together. helium or argon

Elements belonging to groups 13

to 18 of the periodic table are
CHAPTER 11 p-Block
called p-block elements. General
Elements
The p-Block Elements electronic configuration: ns2
np1-6 (except for He)
 A homologous series may be
Organic chemistry is the defined as a family of organic

Organic branch of chemistry that compounds having the same

Homologous functional group, similar chemical
deals with the study of
Chemistry hydrocarbons and their
Series properties and the successive
members differ from each other in
derivatives. molecular formula by —CH2 units.

When there are two or more

Word root represents the compounds possessing the same
number of carbon atoms molecular formula but different
Word root present in the principal chain, Isomerism structural formula and different
which is the longest possible physical and chemical properties,
the phenomenon is called
chain of carbon atoms.
isomerism.

In this process one of

CHAPTER 12 atoms aquires both of
Organic Chemistry Some Heterolytic
the bonding electrons
Basic Principles and Fission when the bond is
Techniques broken.
 A compound of A hydrocarbon is said
carbon and hydrogen Saturated to be saturated if it
Hydrocarbon is known as Hydrocarbon contains only C—C
hydrocarbon. single bonds.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are Cyclic compounds which

Aromatic a special class of consist only of carbon
unsaturated hydrocarbon
Alicyclic
Hydrocarbon atoms are called alicyclic
based on a six carbon ring Compounds or carboeyclic
moiety called benzene compounds.

Cyclic compounds in which

the ring atoms are of
carbon and some other
CHAPTER 13 Alkanes element (For example, N, S,
Hydrocarbons or O) are called heterocyclic
compounds.
 It is the effect of
It is the branch of undesirable changes in our
Environmental science which deals with Environmental surroundings that have
the chemical changes in Pollution harmful effects on
Chemistry
the environment. plants, animals and
human beings.

The lowest region of

A substance, which atmosphere, in which the
Pollutants causes pollution, is Troposphere human beings along with
known as pollutant other organisms live, is
called troposphere.

It extends from height of 10

to 50 km above the sea level.
CHAPTER 14 Ozone and some other
Stratosphere
Environmental gaseous substances present
in this region are responsible
Chemistry for the pollution.
Thank
Name- Gayathri Kunnathodi
Class- 11-A
Reg no.- 0094 You