ALLEN

CAREER INSTITUTE
KOTA (RAJASTHAN)

S.No. CONTENTS Page

i 1.Frame of Reference 83

ne
2 Rest & Motion 83
au
3 Distance& Displacement 83
e
Speed&Velocity 86
5. Acceleration
90
6. Equations of Motion 93
7. Graphical Section
95
8. Motion Under Gravity (Free Fall) 101

9. Projectile Motion 108

10. Horizontal Projection From Height 115

11. Oblique Projection From Height 116

12. Relative Velocity in One Dimension 118
13. Relative velocity in a plane 121

14. Rain-Man Problem 122

15. River-Boat (or Man) Problem 125

16. Exercise- (Conceptual Questions) 129

17. Exercise-lI (Previous Years Questions) 147

18. Exercise-III (Analytical Questions) 151

19. Exercise-lV (Assertion &Reason) 154

EET SYLLABUS
e o relerence, Motion is a straight line: position -time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and nonuniform
, aerage speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time
grs, lor uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
Un im a
plane. Case of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration
-projectile motion.
AKIN.
KINEMATICS
KINEMATICs
without taking
ion of objects without taking into
into account the factors
w iwhich
c h cause
cause the
the motion
FRAME
E OF
OF RE
REFERENCE motion (i.e.
(i.e. nature of torce).
nau
observed only it it changes its
c a n be
can be
there must be a body, which position
body

Motion
of a
be observed with respect to some other boay.
is
formoti
tion tois observing motion. chang its position with respect to another body
changing
I he person
erso
a n d ap e .

thepurposeof ostigation must have its own observing motion is known as

clock to measure
The observer for
observer.h
time and a point in the spac
ace attached with
origin and a set of coordinate axes.
origi

These
as
body
other two
rdinate system) are collectively known as reference frame. things (the time measured by the clocKand
the
t h e co

motion on of the moving body 1s expressed in

way, terms of its position
In
this coordinates changing with an
MOTION & REST

changes its
positio ith time, it is said to be
a
body
observer.
moving otherwis
rwise it is at rest. Motion/rest is always
to the
relative
Motion/restisa cOmbined
te a
property of the object under study and the observer.
the observer or frameof reference. There is no meaning of rest or
without
motion

osition of a particle we need a reterence frame. A

Tolocate
or x-y-z dinate system. commonly used reference frame is cartesian
coordinate
system
coordinates (x, z) off tthe particle specify the position of the
y,
The c particle with respect to origin of that frame.
three coordinatees cof the particle remain unchanged as time passes it means the particle is at rest w.r.t.
lfall the
this frame.

lf only
on
noe coordinate changes with time,
coordi motion is one dimensional (1 D) or straight line motion.
-

change with time, motion is two dimensional(2-D) or motion in a plane. f all three
coordinates
lfonly two
inates change with time, motion is three dimensional (3- D) or motion in space.
coordin

frame is chOsen according to problem.

The reference
f frame is not mentioned, then ground is taken as referenceframe

3. DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT

Distance

Distance is total length of path covered by the particle, in definite time interval.
Let a body moves from A to B via C. The length of path ACB is called t
distance travelled by the body.

But overall, body is displaced from A to B. A vector from A to B, i.e. AB is its displacement vector or
displacement that is the minimum distance and directed from initial position to final position.

Displacement in terms of position vector

AX. y Z)
Let a bodly be displaced from Ax, y,. z) to Blx. y. Z,
then its
displacement is given by vector AB.
BxYa 2)
From AOAB +Ar =, or X

i xi+y,j+z,k and =x,i+y,j+z,k

Af = (x, -x,)i + -y,)i+( -z,k or Af = Axi +Ayj + Azk
E
83
Pre-Medical:Physics GOLDEN KEY POINTS

depends
only
on final andnd init
is a vector but
Distance is a scalar while
displacement
independent ofpath
is
Distance depends on path
1
while
displacement

displacement
may
be positive, negative
positions.
values but
negative
or
have z e r o

For a moving body,

distance cannot

are
possible
between
two
t fixe
infinite paths
zero. because
fixed points
between two
Infinite distances are possible

points fixed points

between two
is possible
value of displacement
Only single then
change in direction
f motion is in straight line without
= magnitude of
displacement. than
distance.

distance
Idisplacement never greater
=

distance but
less than
may be equal
or
displacement
g d e
or

ie., distance2 Idisplacement

- Illustrations

Tllustration 1. and then returns along the

t same

Xaxis upto the

point (20m, 0)
along the during t h e mp.
A particle starts from the origin, goes of the particle
and displacement
ine to the point (-20m, 0). Find the distance

Solution
O(0,0) A(20,0)
Distance= 1OAI+ TACI

2 0 4 0 = 60m
C-20,0)
A20,0)
Displacement = OA + AC

20i+(-4Oi) =(-20i)}m
C
Tlustration 2. 8km
from O to D along the path WE
A car moves
4km
OABCD shown in fig. 1km 4km
What is distance travelled and its net displacement?

Solution

Distance N
= 8+4+4 +1 = 17 km

= OA+ AB+BC+CD W E
Displacement
(41-3
8i+-4) +(-41)+j=4i-3
I displacement y(4? +(3 5
= =

So, Displacement
5 km, 37°S of E

84
 Pre-Medical:Physics
atratidh
3

a quadrantof a circle of radius 10m

2s along of
from Ato B as shown t ig. Find the magnitude
HiSplacement
and.

and distance along the path AB, and angle between ?

displacem
ement vector and x-axis

OA

Hohution
-oment AB = OB-OA = (10j - 10î}m

IAB 10+10 =10/2m

10
tan@ A_ 1 -45
FromAOBC OB 10

Angle between displacement vector OC and xaxis = 90° +45°= 135°

Dstance of path AB= (circumference) 27R) m = (5n) m

lhustratton 4.
a motorist follows a track that turns to his left byaan angle of 60° after every 500 m.
a
ground
On an open Compare
Starting from a given turn, Specity the displacement of the motorist at the third, sixth and eighth turn.
dhemagnitude of displacement with the total path length covered by the motorist in each case

60 cI
Solution

At I turn 500m
= 1OA+AB +BCl=1OCI
IDisplacement| BIL, VII

500 cos 60°+ 500+ 500 cos 60 500m

60AS60
500x+500+500 x -1000 m O 500m1 Vl

So IDisplacementI = 1000 m from O toC

Displacement|_1000 2
Distance =
500+500 +500 1500 m Distance 1500 3

At VI turn
IdisplacementI 0 and distance =
500 x 6 3000 m
initial and final positions are same so =

IDisplacement =0
Distance 3000
At VIll turn

IDisplacement 2(500)cos
=
1000 xcos 30° = 1000x=5003m
2

500x 8 =4000 m
Displacement 5003 3
Distance Distance 4000 8

85
 Pre-Medical:Physics BEGINNER'S BOX-1

in 40 s. Calculate dista
revolution
one
It completes
of radius , the groundand
A particle moves on a circular
a 20 s.
path
P o n the edge of
a ro
from point oft
displacement in 2 min
circular ice ground of radius 200 m
start
a

showm in figure. What

is the magnitude
the
2Three girlsskating on a
toP following
different paths as
of path
skater
mtdiametrically
opposite
to the actual
length
Placement for each ? For
which girl is this equal

( A
B

wheel starts rolling

without slip,,
is P. If
ground and its contact point
'R' is placed o n
3 A
Wheel of radius find the displacement
of point P.
and completes half a revolution,

P after that he
cimbs up a pole
north direction,
then 3m along
4 4 m along east direction,
nan moves covered by him and
his displacement.
a height 12m. Find the distance
and
end of the track
radius 40m. If he starts at o n e
5 A person moves o n a semicirculartrack of of the person.
and magnitude of displacement
distance covered
reaches the other end, find the

cafe from his home.

20m due south to reach a
40m due east and
A m a n has to go 50m due north, from his home to the cale
What is his displacement
What distance he has to walk to reach
the cafe ? (B)
(A)

4. SPEED & VELOCITY

41 Speed
It is a scalar quantity
with respect to time is called speed.
The rate at which distance is covered
Dimension [M°L'T-1]
Unit: m/s (S.I.), cm/s (C.G.S.)
be negative or zero, it is always positive.
Note: For a moving particle speed c a n never

Uniform speed thent

matter how small the intervals are) g
distances in equal intervals of time, (no
When a particle c o v e r s equal
uniform speed.
is said to be moving with

Uniform speed = Distance

Time
Non-uniform (variable) speed
covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
In non-uniform speed particle

particle fora given 'interval of time' is defined as the ratio ofto

speed : The average speed of
a
Average
time taken.
distance travelled to the

Average speed =
Total distance travelled
i.e. V AsAt
Time taken

86
 Pre-Medical:Pbysics
ALLEN

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

When a particle moves with different t,, t
uniform speeds v,. different timeintervals t,,
ely,
respectively its average speed
over the total v, Vi n
time of journey
jourr is given as
Total
Va Totaldistance
covered s+s, +S, +
time elapsed .+S,V+V,' *2t.....
+t,+t, t +, t+t, + t,
If t=t, =l,
=.=t, then
V+V2 +V3 t...+V
n (Arithmetic mean of speeds)
When a
particle describes different distances S s,, . SS, with V,, V2....V, respectively
s,, a
S,,S3s with speeds v,,
V,»V2V3*
then the average speed of particle over the total distance will be
given as
Total distance covered
Vav s +S +S,t+S S+S,+5, t S,
Total time elapsed
+t,+tt+, S1S24 +
V 2 V3
It s=S =S, =...=s, then

T .T 1 (Harmonic mean of speeds)

VV2V V

Instantaneous speed
It is the speed of a particle at a particular instant of time.
Instantaneous speed v =
lim ds
dt
A.2 Velocity
The rate of change of position i.e. rate of displacement with time is caled velocity.
It is a vector quantity
Dimension: [M°LIT-]
Unit m/s (S.I.), cm/s (C.G.S.)

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

Velocity may be positive, negative or zero.
Direction of velocity is always in the direction of change in position.
Speedometer measures the instantaneous speed of a vehicle.
it
Uniform velocity
A particle is said to have uniform velocity, if magnitude as well as direction of its velocity remain same. This is
possible only when it moves in a straight line without reversing its direction.
Non-uniform velocity
A particle is said to have non-uniform velocity, if both either magnitude or direction of velocity change.
Average velocity
It is defined as the ratio of displacement to time taken by the body
otal
Average velodty =Displacement
Time taken
ts direction is along the displacement.

E 87
 GOLDEN KEY POINTS

If velocity is continuously changing with time i.e. velocity is the function of time then time average velocity

v dt
<V>=
dt
If velocity is continuously changing with distance i.e. velocity is the function of space (distance) then space

averagevelocity:

<V=
d
ds
Average speed IAverage velocityl

Instantaneous velocity
t is the velocity of a particle at a particular instant of time.

Ar dr
Instantaneous velocity V = lim
At0 At dt

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

The direction of instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path followed by the particle.

2
D4

When a particle is moving on any path, the magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous

speed.
A particle may have constant speed but variable velocity.
Example: When a particle is performing uniform circular motion then for every instant of its circular motion ts
speed remains constant but velocity changes at every instant.
When particle moves with uniform velocity then its instantaneous speed ,magnitude of instantaneous velocity
average speed and magnitude of average velocity are all equal.

Illustrations
llustration 5.
lfa particle travels the first half distance with speed v, and second half distance with speed v,.Find its average
speed during the journey.
Solution
V, ---V ***

=21V2
V1 +V2
V1 V2

Note- Here v is the harmonic mean of two speeds.

88
ALLEN
Itustration 6 .
Pre-Medical : Physics
narticle travels with speed v, during first half time interval and with speed v, Juring second half time interval.
Ifaparticle

Find
its average speed during its journey.
Solution

s,-,t and s, v,t

Total distance - s, t 8 , ( , + v,}t

totaltime = t +t- 21
then s+S( +V2)v+g
t+t 21 2
Note:- here v is arithmetic mean of tw0
speeds.
llustration 7.
A car moves with a velocity 2.24 km/h in first minute, with 3.60 km/h in the second minute and with 5.18 km/h
in the third minute. Calculate the average velocity in these three minutes.
Solution

Distance travelled in first minute SV, xt 2.24x km

60

Distance travelled in second minute SaVXt =3.60x km

0

Distance travelled in third minute S=V xt =5.18x km

60

Total distance travelled, s = s, + S + S,= 2.24 3.60, 5.18 11.02 km

60 60 60 60

Total time taken, t = 1+ 1+1 =3 min = h

20

average velocity =
20
S= .02 x3.67 km/h
60 1
Ilustration 8.
flies due north with velocty 20 m/s for 15 s it rests for 5sad then flies due south with velocity 24m/s
Abird
for 10s. Find the average speed and magnitude of average velocity. For the whole trip.
Solution

Average speed =
Total Distance
Total Time
20x15+24x10540-18
15+5+10 30
m/s
W

Displacement
Average velocityTotal Time (20x15)j+(24x10X-)60)
15+5+10 30
=2
Magnitude of average velocity - |2i= 2 m/s

Tllustration 9.
The displacement of a point moving along a straight line is givenby
S 412+5t -6
Here s is in cm and t is in seconds calculate
Initial speed of particle
Speed at t = 4s
(6i)
Solution
ds
Speed, v 8 t +5 Initial speed (i.e at t = 0), v= 5 cm/s

(i) Att 4s, V =8(4) + 5 = 37 cm/s

E 89
 Pre-Medical:Physics ALL
Hustration 10.
acceleration is
8 then find timeat which
zero.
(a) Ifs 2t3+ 3t2+2t +
4t. Calculate the displacement of
0) varies with time as v
parti,
=

(b) velocity of a particle (starting at t =

[AIPMT Mains 200

Solution
between t = 2 to t = 4s
2004
ds 6t2 +6t + 2 a dv 12t + 6 - 0 >t = - which is impossible. Theret.

(a)vd dt relote
acceleration can never be zero.

dx
X=/vdt 4t dt 2 -
2(4 2 (2P- 32 -

8 24 m

BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1.
Air distance between Kota to Jaipur is 260 km and road distance is 320 km. A deluxe bus which mo
from Jaipur to Kota takes 8 h while an aeroplane reaches in just 15 min. Find

(6) average speed of bus in km/h

(i) average velocity of bus in km/h

(Gi) average speed of aeroplane in km/h
(v) average velocity of aeroplane in km/h
A particle moves on a straight line in such way that it covers 1st hall distance with speed 3 m/s and n
half distance in 2 equal time intervals with speeds 4.5 m/s and 7.5 m/s respectively. Find average speut

of the particle.
3. Length of a minute hand of a clock is 4.5 cm. Find the average velocity of the tip of minute's hand betuwen
6 A.M. to 6.30 A.M. & 6 A.M. to 6.30 P.M.
4. A particle of mass 2 kg moves on a craular path with constant speed 10 m/s. Find change in speed a
magnitude of changevelocity. When particle completes hall revolution.
in

5. The distance travelled by a particle in time t isgiven by s- (2.5 t) m. Find (a) the average speed of the patkk
during time 0 to 5.0sand (b) the instantaneous speed att 5.0 s.

6. A particle goes from point A to point B, moving in a semicircle of radius Inm in 1 second

Find the magnitude of its average velocity.

7. Straight distance between a hotel and a railway station is 10 km, but circular roule is followed by a taxi cowmg
23 kn in 28 minute. What is average speed and magnitude of average velocity? Are they equal ?

5, ACCELERATION
The rate of change of velocity of an object is called acceleration of the object.
It is a vector quantity. It's direction is same as that of change in velocity (Not in the direction of theveloclit
Dimension:|M"L'T
Unit m/s" (S.I.); cm/s (C.G.S.)

Uniform acceleration
A body is sakd to have uniform acceleration if magnitude and direction of the acceleration remainsconsta
during motion of particle

90
 GOLDEN KEY POINTS
parabolic.
W h e na p a r t i c l e moves with constant acceleration, then its path maybe straight line or
Constant acceleration (a)
ag a g a9
Motion
Parabolic Path
Straight line path a

must be a straight line.

a
particle
starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration then its path
sta

When a=constant
u-0-
Straight line path
s**ss*sstee *ws

aricle moves with variable velocity then acceleration must be present. of the
Whena p acceleration
then
Darticle moves continuously on a same straight line with uniform speed
is
particleiszero of the particle
continuo curved path with uniform speed then acceleration
on a
particlemoves
whn non
zero.
For example

with
uniform circular
uniform
motion is an accelerated motion
velocity acceleration must be zero.
particl
moving
Fora

Non-unifornm acceleration

direction or both change during

have non-unitorm acceleration, if either magnitude or
body is
sai tosaid
A
motion.

Average acceleration

e the ratio of total change in velocity to the

total time taken by the particle

At
Instantaneous acceleration

acceleration ot a particle at a particular instant of time.

It is the

lim
Av d
a 0 At dt
is called instantaneous acceleration
ie. first derivative of velocity

Asv
instantaneous acceleration
i.e. second derivative of position vector is called
GOLDEN KEY POINTS

the particle must be non zero.

When a particle moves with non-uniform speed then acceleration of
Av
the direction of the change in velocity vector as =
of average acceleration vector is At
The direction
Acceleration which opposes the motion of body is called retardation.
acc
(+ve) = retardation
acc
(+Jve motion ve) vel.
(+ve) vel. motion ve (+}ve
ve >(+Jve
a

ve) acc" = retardation -ve) acc= acc'

of
Sign of velocity(+ve or -ve) represents the direction of motion but sign of acceleration indicates the direction
acceleration
lf velocity and acceleration both are having same sign, then magnitude of velocity (i.e speed) is increasing and
both have opposite signs, then magnitude of velocity (i.e. speed) is decreasing.

91
Pre-Medical: Physics
- Illustrations
seconds.
Find its accel.
time in
where t is
llustration 11. 4t + 3) m/s
=(21^
-

a particle
is given by v
The velocity of
at t 2 second.

Solution
4t -
4
( 2 - 4 t+3)
=

Acceleration (a) -

2)-4 -4 m/s
2s is equal to,
a =(4 x

acceleration at t
Therefore
vx where a is a n
Ilhustration 12. direction of x axis
varies as V
= a ,
Pox
the positive x=0. Find
of particle moving in located at the point
The velocity the particle was

that at moment t=0, the acceleration

of the particle.
constant. Assuming
of the velocity and takes to cover first s met
er
the time dependence over the
time that the particle
(a) of the particle averaged
the mean velocity
(b)
the path.
Solution
ut

V= a yx avx
a)

Veloctyv at Z

Accelerationa- av
dt
2
the first s distance
(b) Time taken to cover

S avs
X =
s t- i 2
Va
lustration 13. the distance x (in metres) of par
straight line OX. At a time t (in seconds)
A particle is moving along a travel betore coming to rest
10 +6t 3t. How long would the particle
given by x
-

from point O
=
is

Solution
Initial value of x, at t =
0, x1
= 10m

x When v = 0, t 1s
Velocity v = = 6 - 6 t
dt
10 6 x1 - 3(19 =
13 m
Final value of x, at t =
1s, x = +

Distance travelled = X2 - X = 13 1 0 = 3m

llustration 14.
The acceleration of a particle moving in a straight line varies with its displacement as, a = 2s+1 velocity of tä
particle is zero at zero displacement. Find the corresponding velocity - displacement equation.

Solution
dv ds2s+1 dv
a 2s +1 -2s+1 ds dsV=2s+11
dv-2ss+ ds
v= /2s(s+1

92
 Pre-Medical:Physics
LLEN=
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
with constant speed 5 m/s. Find
the magnitude of its average
moves on
circular path of radius 5 m
A narticle
part

when it completes half revolution.

acceleration values of A, B
At?+ Bt C The numerical
of a particle moving on X-axis is given by x = +
The position
-2 and 5 respectively and SI units are used. Find
and C
are 7,
the particle at t 5
velocity of
=

(a) The
acceleration of the particle at t 5 =

(b) The
velocity during the interval t =
0 to t =5
c The average
5
acceleration during the interval t =
0 to t =

d) The average

EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Eruations of motion
+ at
are valid when acceleration is constant.
ov -
u
V acceleration = constant

at u Initialvelocity
-
Finalvelocity
Displacement
- u 2as
Displacement in the n second
Slh
SphU+ a(2n 1)

St=
2

s =vt-at
lllustrations
ustration 15.
For a particle moving with constant acceleration, prove that the displacement in the nt second is given by

u+12n-1).

olution
From $ ut +at

S un + , a n . . (1)

5p1uln-1) + aln-1)? . . (2)

By equation (1) & (2)

S-5=u+2n-1

93
 Pre-Medical:Physics
GOLDEN KEY POINTS

ldentification of equation of motion Vector Form of Equations of me

() Ift - given and v = ? then use =Ü+ t

V u + at üt+
(Gi) If t= given and s = ? then use
=u+2ä.s
s ut+a 0a2n-1)
(ii) If s = given and v = ? then use
- u+ 2as
All the equations of motion can be used in 2-D motion in vector form. -

Concept of stopping distance and stopping time

A body moving with a velocity u is stopped by
application of brakes after covering a distance s. H the same h
moves with velocity nu and same
braking force is applied on it then it will come to rest after covering a dista
of 's.
As v= u? - 2as
u
0 =
u- 2as S = Za s cu since a is constant
So we can say that if becomes times then
u n
s becomes times that of previous value.
Stopping time:
V =u-at
0 = u- at

u
t= t«u since a is constant]
So say that if
we can
ubecomes n times thent becomesn times that of previous value.
- Illustrations
Ilustration 16.
Two cars start off a race with velocities
2m/s and 2m/s and 4m/s travel in
straight line with uniform acceleration
1 m/s2 respectively. What is the
time? length of the path if they reach the final point at the
Solution same
JAIPMT (Main) -2008
Let both
particles reach at same
position in same time t then from ut
s =

+at
For 1 particles 40)+(1) t2= t
4t+For
2
2nd particle: s
2t+(22 =
2t + t?
Equating above equation we get 4t + 2t 12=t=4s
Subsituting value of t in above equation
Illustration 17.
s =

44)+(1) (42 16 + 8 24 m

A particle moves in
a
average velocity of the
straight line with a uniform
Solution in particle first's' distance. acceleration a. Initial velocity of the particle is zero.
Find
1
s-a
Average velocity- 2
94
 LLEN
Illustration 18.
Pre-Medical:Physics
A train, travelling at 20 km/hr is
approaching a platfom. A bird is sitting on a pole on the plattorm. wnet
the train is at a distance of 2 km from pole, brakes are
applied which produce a uniform deceleration in
it. At that instant the bird flies towards the train at
60 km/hr and after touching the nearest point on tne
train flies back to the pole and then flies towards the train and
continues repeating itself. Calculate how mucn
distance the bird covers before the train stops ?
Solution
For retardation of train v = u + 2as > 0 = (20? + 2ta(2) a = -100 km/hr

Time required to stop the train v = u + at »0 = 20 100t » t = E hr

Dis tance
For Bird, speed =

time
S V Bxt = 60 x 12 km.

BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. A particdle starts from rest, moves with constant acceleration for 15s. If it covers s, distance in first 5s then
distance s, in next 10s, then find the relation between s, & S,
The engine of a train passes an electric pole with a velocity'u' and the last compartment of the train crosses the
same pole with a velocity v. Then find the velocity with which the mid-point of the train passes the pole. Assume
acceleration to be uniform.
A bullet losses 1/n of its velocity in passing through a plank. What is the least number of planks required
to stop the bullet ? (Assuming constant retardation)
A car moving along a straight highway with speed 126 kmh1 is brought to a halt within a distance of 200m. What
is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform) and how long does it take for the car to stop?
5. A car is moving with speed u. Driver of the car sees red trafic light. His reaction time is t, then find out
the distance travelled by the car after the instant when the driver decided to apply brakes. Assume uniform
retardation 'a' after applying brakes.
6. If a body starts from rest and travels 120cm in the 6th second then what is the acceleration?

7. GRAPHICAL SECTION

Position- time graph

Slope of this graph represents instantaneous velocity.
X
tan= displacement = velocity
time

(i)

= 0° 6 constant
tant tan0° = 0 tan constant
velocity= 0 velocity constant
i.e. body is at rest. i.e. the body is in uniform motion

E
Pre-Medical:Physics

(v)
(ii) with time
increasing
0 is with time
with time tan0 is
increasing
0 is decreasing . with time
with time increasing
is
tan@
decreasing velocityis
with time uniform
motion
decreasing
velocity is i.e. non

motion
uniform
i.e. non

0> 90°
tan ve

(v) ve but constant

velocity =

i.e. uniform motion

graph xdt-
No physical significance
Area
of xt
Velocity time graph

acceleration.
represents
Slope of this graph

tane
velociy acceleration
time

i)

constant
0 0°
tane constant
tan tan0° = 0 acceleration = constant
acceleration = 0
motion
i.e. v = constant or uniform motion
ie. uniformly accelerated

(ti) (iv)

0 is decreasing with time 0 is increasing with ime

tan is increasing with time

tan is decreasing with time
acceleration is decreasing with time acceleration is increasing with time
i.e. acceleration goes on decreasing i.e. acceleration goes on increasing
with time but it is not retardation with time

(v) 0 90
tan=-ve
acceleration = -ve but constant
i.e. constant or uniform retardation
t is acting on the body
Area of vt graph v dt - displacement = change in position

96 E
 Pre-Medical: Physics
eleration-time g r a p lph

Area of
a-t graph Ja dt -
dv=v,- =

change in velocity

(ii)

i.e. uniformly increasing acceleration. ati.e. uniform or constant acceleration

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

are
woa enclosed between speed-time (v-t) graph and time axis represent distance.
Total.
Vectorsum of
eum oftotal area enclosed between v-t graph and time axis
lowing graphs do not exist in practice
represent displacement.
Follow

Casel

V2l
2

1 di ***
*****

1F---*

t t
Explanation: In practice, at any instant body can not have two velocities or displacements or accelerations
simultaneously.
Case-

Distance
Speed

Explanation: Speed or distance can never be negative.

Case II
V

LL.LL
Cxplanation : It is not possible to change any quantity without consuming time i.e. time can't be constant

97
Pre-Medical:Physics A
- Illustrations
llustration 19.
A car starting from rest, accelerates at the distance S, then continues at constant speed
rate f through a

time t and then comes to rest with

retardation If the total distance travelled is 15S then calcula
ulate the val
of S in term of f andt.
Solution
Let constant speed be vm

for time t, V- ft, and S ftf velocity

for time t, 0 v -2t,

time
- 2S

Therefore S + vt + 2S 15S » vt = 12S ft,t = 12S

44S2
t 12 S 2Sf »S = 2
llustration 20.
A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate a for some time, after which it decelerates at a constant rate B,to
cometo est. If the total time elapsed is t, evaluate (a) the maximum velocity attained (6) the total distance
travelled.
Solution
(a) Let the car accelerate for time t, and decelerate max
for time t, then
t t+ t )
and corresponding velocity-time graph will be as shown in. fig. O-t

From the graph a slope ofline OA- or t,= .i)

and B =-
slope of line AB = -

4 (ii)

FromEqs. ).ti) and () t orv t

or Vmax
apt
a+

(b) Total distance area under v-t graph = xt xm aßt

7 xt xa+B

Distance 2 a+B
Note: This problem can also be solved by using equations of motion (v = u + at, etc.)

98
ALLN Pre-Medical: Physics
flustration.21.
A rocket is fired upwards vertically with a net acceleration of 4 m/s' and initial velocity zero. After b
its fuel is finished and it retardes with g. At the highest
seo
point its velocity becomes zero. Then it accena
downwards unaceleraton g and returns back to ground. Plot the velocity time and displa.cement-time graphs
for the complete journey. Take g = 10 m/s2
Solution

In the graphs, V= aton - (4) (5) = 20 m/s,

0-V- 9AB
A 20
102s
onB(5+2)s = 7s

Now, SOAB area under v-t graph between 0 to 7s -

7) (20) =
70 m

Now, SoAB BC 70 (10) t

tpc14 =3.7s . oAB7+3.7 = 10.7s

Also Son area

under vt graph between OA= 5) (20) =
50 m

v (m/s) sm)
A 70
20 50

0.7
10.7 (s)

lustration 22.
Velocity- time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown. Plot the corresponding displacement-time
graph of the particle.
Solution
Displacement = area under velocity-time graph. v(m/s)

20
Hence, OA x2 x10-10 m
SAB = 2 x10 20 m
or SOAB 10+20 = 30m t(s

10+20=30 m
22
s(m)

Or = 30+30 = 60 m
OABC
30
and SCD 2 20) 20m
t(s)
Or
SOABCD 60 + 20 =
80m
Between 0 to 2s and 4 to 6s motion is accelerated, hence
4s motion is uniform, so
displacement-time graph is a parabola. Between 2 to
displacement-time graph will be a straight line. Between 6 to 8 s motion is decelerated
hence displacement-time graph is again a parabola but inverted in
shape. At the end of 8 s velocity is zero,
therefore, slope of displacement-time graph shoud be zero. The
comesponding is shown in the graph tigure.
E
99
 Pre-Medical:Physics ALLE
Ilustration 23. v (m/s)
Velocity time graph for a particle moving in a straight line is given
Calculate the displacement of the particle and distance travelled in first
4 seconds.

Solution t(sec
Take the area above time axis as positive and area below time axis

negative then displacement -(2-2)m-0

while for distance take all areas as positive the distance covered s = (2 + 2)m = 4m

BEGINNER'S BOX-5

1. st graph of two particles A and B are shown in fig. Find the ratio of velocity of A to velocity of B.

60
30
+40 m
2. Position-time graph of a particle in motion is shown in fig. Calculate

) Total distance covered 6

/ t(in sec.)
(i) Displacement -20 NF*o*********---..

(ii) Average speed (iv) Average velocity.

The position-time (x-t) graphs for two children A and B returning from
their school O to their homes P and Q respectively are shown in
fig.
Choose correct entries in the brackets below **

(a) (A/B) lives closer to the school than (B/A)

(b) (A/B) starts from the school earlier than (B/A)
(c) (A/B) walks faster than (B/A)
d) A and B reach home' at the (same / different) time
(e) (A/B) overtakes (B/A) on the road (once/ twice). Mm/s)
A particle moves on straight line according to the velocity-time
10f.
graph shown in fig. Calculate-
Total distance covered 2

(i) Average speed

ii) In which part of the graph the acceleration is maximum and also 4 5
\D10 ts)
find its value.
(iv) Retardation
5/ A body starts from rest and moves uniform acceleration of 10 ms2 for 5 seconds.
with a
next 10 seconds
During the
it moves with uniform velocity. Find the total distance travelled
by the body (Using
graphical analysis).

100 E
OTION UNDER GRAVITY (FREE Pre-Medical: Physics
MLEA

FALL)
Acceleration produced in a body by the force of
by the symbol g.
"
Or
gravity,
gravity, cal acceleration due to gravity. It is
is called represented
Value of g=9.8 m/s*980 cm/s2 32
=

ft/s?=

in the absence of air, it is found

that all bodies
(irespective of the size, weight or composition) fall with the same
acceleration near the surface of the earth. Thisurespective
h k earth's radius) is motion of a body falling towardscomposiu
the eartn
titude
called motion under gravity. Free fall means acceleration
under ir on
due to gravity. bOuy is equal to acce
acceleration of body
8.1 f a Body is Projected Vertically
Upward
V= 0

H Positive/Negative
directions are a matter of
choice. You may take another
TTTTTrrrriTTTTTTTTTTT choice
Equations of motion: Taking initial
position as origin and direction of motion (.e. vertically as bsitive
a-g As acceleration is downwards
while motion upwards]
up)
So, if a body is projected with
velocity u and after time t it reaches a height h then
1
V=u-gt, h=ut-gt
2

=u-2gh, h u-2n-1)
For maximum height v= 0
So from above equation u gt =

it is called time of ascent (t,) u/g =

In case of motion under gravity, time taken to go up is equal to the time taken to fall down through the
same distance. Time of descent (t) time of ascent
=

(t) u/g
=

Total time of flight T t, +,

u
and u 2gH H-
8.2 Ifa Body is Projected Vertically Downward With Some Initial Velocity From Some Height

TTTTTTrrrrTTTTrrm
Equations of motion: Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction) as
a positive, we have

V =U+gt h=ut+gt
2

v = u +2gh h, =u+(2-1)
E 101
 -ALLEN
Pre-Medicol: Physics height (initial velocity zero)
8.3 If a body is dropped from some

U= 0

TTTTTTTTTrTTTTTTTITT

as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction)

Equations of motion : Taking initial position
as a positive, here we have

u =0 As body starts from rest

direction of motion]
a = +9 As acceleration is in the

SO V gt, h =st
GOLDEN KEY POINTS

In case of motion under gravity, the speed with which a body is projected up is equal to the speed with which
it comes back to the point of projection.
The magnitude of velocity at any point on the path is same whether the body is moving in upward or downward

direction.
Graph of displacement, velocity and acceleration with respect to time:
For a body projected vertically upward)
+a

VL
(u/g) (2u/g)

(wg)

As h (1/2)gt?, i.e., h o , distance covered in time t, 2t, 3t, etc., will be in the ratio of 12:22:3, i.e., square
of consequtive
integers. (in case of free fall, from rest)
A particle at rest. is dropped verticaly from a height. The time taken by it to fall through sucessive distance of
I m each will then be in the ratio of the difference in the square roots of the integers i.e.

v1,v2-vi),(3 - V2).(4- V3).

The motion is
independent of the mass of body, as mass is not involved in any equation of motion. It is due
to this reason that a
heavy and when light body released from the same height, reach the ground simultane-
ously and with same velocity ie, t(2h/g) and v=y2gh.

The distance covered in the nh second,

h, =

g(2n-1)
So distance coveredin 1", 2, 3rd
second, etc., will be in the ratio of 1:3:5, ie., odd integers only.
Graph of distance, velocity and acceleration with respect to time
(For a body dropped from some height)

tan=8

102
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 Pre-Medical: Physics
Projected Verticaly Upward With
Some
Pre-Medic Heght
Height
0 Initial
tial Vel From Velocity a
Certain

Equations notion: Taking initial position as origin and direction

d direction of motion Le. upward
motion (ie.,
direction) as

have
n e g a t i v e ,h e r e w e .

v+gt:
H--u
- u++2gh u2n-1)
attained by the body
imum height

HH+h =H+
travelled by the body
Distance
u
H+2h H+
the body to reach the ground
takenbyt
Time

H--u+ ig-ut-H-0
gt-2ut-2H- 0
After solving this equation we get the result.

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

arous particles thrown with same initial speed but in diferent directions then

us

) They strike the ground with same speed at different times irespective of their initial direction of velocities

downward.
i) Time would be least for particle E which was thrown vertically
Ci) Time would be maximum for particle A which was thrown vertically upward.
after time t.
'Aballisdroppedfrom a buikding of height h and it reaches ground
From the same building if two balls are thrown (one upuards and

other downwards) with the same speed u and they reach the grournd

attert, and t, seconds respectively then

t-te
103
Pre-Medical: Physics
8.5 A body is thrown vertically upwards, if Constant Air resistance is to be taken in ALL

For upward motion

Net acceleration a 9+ a (downwards)
If maximum height attained by the particle is 'H' then

2H
scen aNet
Ou 0
2H
\ascent Vg+a ag+a)
Fordownward motion air resistance
Net acceleration a g - a (downwards) a
air resistance

a aug-
So taescen 2H
Vg-a
Also tjesentascent
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
For downward motion a and g ill work in opposite directions because a always acts in direction opposite to
motion and g always acts vertically downwards.

llustrations
Illustration 24.

A body is dropped from a height h above the ground. Find the ratio of distances fallen in first one second
first two seconds, first three seconds, aso find the ratio of distances fallen in 1 second, in 2d second, in 3
second etc.
Solution

1 1
From second equation of motion, h (h ut+ gt and u = 0)
i.e. =

gt
1 1 1
h:h,:h. 2st1Pgt2: gl3-11:2:3P. - 1:4:9:.

1
Now from the expression of distance travelled in nh second S = u + a (2n-1)

here u = 0, a = g
So S, 59(2n -1) therefore

1
S:S,:S..Z92x1-1):s(2x2-1):2x3-1) -1:3:5.

104
ALLE
lustratlon 25.
ruer
of 10m/s*. Ihe
is fired vertically up from the ground with a resultant vertical acceleration
A rocket
iniched in 1 minute and it continues to move up.

What is the maximum height reached?

(a)
After the fuel is finished, calculate the time for which it continues its upwards motion.
(b)
(Takeg1 0 m/s)
Solution the rocket during burning interval (Iminute= 60s) in which resultant acceleration
The distance travelled by 18 km and
10 x60?= 18000 m
vertically upwards and 10 m/s*willbe h, 0 60 + (1/2) x x
=

is
it will be v 0 + 10 x 60 600 m/s
velocity acquired by
=

acceleration due
Now after 1 minute
the rocket moves vertically up with initial velocity of 600 m/s and
becomes zero
opposes its motion. So, it will go to a height h, from this point, till its velocity
to gravity
such that 0 (600-2gh,
=
or
h, 18000 m 18 km lg 10 m/s1 = =

km
So the maximum height
reached by the rocket from the ground, H h, +h, 18 + 18 36 = =

so from I"
after burning of fuel the initial velocty 600m/s and gravity opposes the motion of rocket,
(b) As
time taken by it till its velocityv=0
equation of motion
0 600-gt
t = 60s
lustration 26.
from the top of a tower 40 m high with a
A ball is thrown upwards strikes the ground
find the time when it
velocity of 10 m/s,
u-10m/s
g 10 m/s a-10m/s

Solution 10 m/s, a
+
10 m/s* ands= -40m
=
-

In the problem u =

where ball strikes the ground)

(at the point
Substituting in s = ut + at

10t -40= 0 t2-2t-8= 0

or
10t -5t2 or 5t2
-

40
4 s and 2s. Taking the positive value t 4s. =

Solving this we have

-

t =

Illustration 27.
inclined plane when released from the top, while another falls freely from the
A block slides down a smooth
same point. Which one of them will strike the ground: (ajearlier (b) with greater speed?

Solution
In case of sliding motion on the inclined plane.

h h
sin 8 *gsine
S Sin0 a

1
a g sin sin sin g sin&

, =2as = ,2gsin x = 2gh

sin 6

In case of free fall ,= a

2h and v,= 2gh ,

(a) sine<1, t<t, i.e.,.falling body reaches the ground first.

(6) VV.i.e..both reach the ground with same speed.
Special Note : (not same as for body direction is vertical while for shding body along the
velodity, falling
plane downwards).
EE 105
 Pre-Medical:Physics ALL
llustration 28.
Juggler throws balls into air. He throws one ball whenever the previous
is at its
one highest point. How hioh
A
the balls rise if he throws n balls each second ? Acceleration due to gravity is g.

Solution
-
interval between tuwo consecutive throws is t =

Juggler throws n balls in one second so time

each ball takes -s to reach maximum height

n
hmax

So 2 ~[)
nax 2n
lustration 29.
A pebble is thrown vertically upwards from a bridge with an initial velocity of 4.9 m/s. It strikes the water aft
2s. If acceleration due to gravity is 9.8m/s*(a) what is the height of the bridge? (b) with what velocity does the
pebble strike the water?
Solution
Let height of the bridge be h then

+ve direction
h -4.9x2x9.8 x2 V -4.9 m/s
h 9.8 m
velocity with which the ball strikes the water surtace h
V =u+at
V4.9+9.8 x 2 =14.7 m/s

llustration 30.
A particle is thrown vertically upwards from the surface of the earth. Let Tp be the time taken by the partice
to travel froma point P above the earth to its highest point and back to the point P. Similarly, let To be the
time taken by the particle to travel from another point Q above the earth to its highest point and back to
the same point Q. if the distance between the points P and Q is H, find the expression for acceleration due
to gravity in terms of Tp To and H. AIPMT (Mains) 2007)

Solution
Highest
2 2h +H) point
Time taken from point P to point P
T-2 n

Q
Time taken from point Q to point Q To=

8H
T-S&T-T-T
SH
9 T-T