@bohring_bot

Environmental
chemistry

I.
Atmosphere →
Layers of air that surrounds the earth .

2.
Biosphere - All
living organism 1 Plants ,
animals ,

humans )

3 .

Hydrosphere -
Portion of Hao on earth 1--75%1

1 Rivers ,
lakes , ponds .
sea
]

4.
Lithosphere - Except hydrosphere & biosphere

rest part of earth .

 @bohring_bot

④*÷;:
ATMOSPHERE -
" ""

"" "

t.io ,

"

my

TROPOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE MESOSPHERE TERMOSPHE 'RE

-

①
[ IONOSPHERE]

10km

to -50km
EARTH ,

DUST ,
CLOUDS
,

. .
MUCH WATER
.
VAPOURS

* WEATHERS LITTLE WATER ASTEROIDS

VAPOURS
OCCURES IN
( oldest
THIS PART
part
, [upto -
look ]
satellite ,
 @bohring_bot
AIRPOl.LU/-l0N-

(a) Particulate pollutants → Minute solid particles 4 liquid

1 droplets in air .

I d
Viable Non - Viable

Bacteria , fungi ,
smoke ,
dust ,
mist, fumes
moulds ,
algae etc .

Note -

Particle passage
size > microns
lodge the nasal
•

5 in

Particle micron enters into the

size 1*0
lungs
= .
.

(b) Gaseous pollutants

502 ,
NO
,
N02 , Hydrocarbon ,
CO
,
coz

Global
*
warming →

Increase in the atmospheric temp . due to

green house
gases / e.
g.
( 02
, 03 , H20 , CHY ,
H20 ,
CFC ,

& talons ]
 @bohring_bot
Effects from global warming →

Climate
change ,
Melting of polar ice
.

Rise in level effect plants as animal

sea
growth
on
,
,

increase infectious diseases .

(c)
Sing -

Combination of smoke +
fog
\
4. d

Classical Photochemical
smog
smog
( London smog)
( Los
Angles smog]
Occurs cold humid Occurs
4 in * in warm
dry &
Climate climate
sunny
Reducing Oxidising
* in nature * in nature

✗ Mix .
of smoke +
fog -1502 a NO ,
NO24 unsaturated

hydrocarbons

Note : Primary precursors -

N !£ & Hydrocarbons

secondary precursors ( Peroxy Acetylnitrate)

→ PAN

CH3 603 N02 I GH3N 05 ]

CHEO ,
0
] ,
A-
cwlein(ltz=ch -
)
CHO
 @bohring_bot
Ozone hole →

Area of stratosphere where

ozone
is
completely
destroyed .

4 03 absorbed V.v .
radiations / ✗ =
200 -315mm ]

and form a protective shield .

of
4 One molecule of CFC is capable destroying
One Lac molecules
ozone
.

IF24 Hi
. .

+ U
(Fallz_ + U How →
,

Freon -012

Iii
f-d) (H -11) (F)

\
03 Hi
.

Cl 02

)
+ -
1-
-

Chlorine oxide radical Propagation step

a. +02 { Repeating steps]
.

uo + o -

Harmful effects

UV cause skin skin diseases

4
rays cancer 4 .

loss of chlorophyll ( chlorosis) in plant

*
leaves .

* Earth temp increases .

&
Smog formation increases

* Rise in see level

 @bohring_bot
* Ozone depletion ei more serious at poles because

cloud
crystals in the over poles acts as
catalyst
for photochemical reactions
involving the

decomposition of by
" .

Oz a 4 40

Acidran -

When pH of main water < 5.6 then the rain ei

called acid rain .

4 Normal rash water pH = 5.6

-

because of CO2 / 1303

4 Responsible gases →
SO < B- N02 (mainly
)
Reactions .

{
NO + Oz - NO2 -1 02

N02 1-
03 - NO3 1- 02

No µ
µq ,
, → ,o ,

N20 5 + 110 - ZH N03

2502 +
02 → 2
503

SO
} + tho →
tssoy
 @bohring_bot
Effects → Harmful for
Agriculture ,
plants .
animals

human
, aquatic animals ,
metal pipe .

buildings ,
monuments ( Taj Mahal . . .
)

(
-
acoz-tzsuy-CUSUY-i-tg.to -3

White yellow ↳ CO21-1IO

Water
pollution --

Contamination of steam ,
lakes ,
rivers
,
sea

and
underground water .

Pollutants ( uni .
ehtzo Harmful effects
lower upper
limit limit

head
I. 0 50
ppb Kidney ,
lever

2 .
Fluoride 1
ppm 2
ppm < 1- Tooth
decay
>2 →
Brown

molting
Nitrate ppm
3. 0 50 →

Methemogiobinemia
[ Bheebadysyndwmi
4. Sulfate 0 sootsbm -
constipation
( Laxative effect ]
 @bohring_bot
-1m¥
Maximum prescribed cone
of metal in
drinking
water .

C. d Mn Fe Al Cee 2h

0.005 0.05 0.2 0.2 3 5

ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

Effect of fluoride [ F-I

F- ions make the teeth enamel much harder

by converting hydroxyapatite /stakeout . catch

}]
into
fluor apatite [ 3.ca ](
PO41 .
CaF2]

(3 C. az(P0y)z . ( alot
)z)2É >
3 (a
] (P04)z .
Catz

Biochemical demand-1 B0D ]

oxygen
* The cimt .

02 is required by batavia to

break down the matter present

organic
in a certain volume of a sample of water is

called B0D .

4 Clean water B0D = 5

ppm

Highly polluted B0D 717 ppm

* water .
 @bohring_bot
Dissolved oxygen [ Do ]
( one in cold water ppm
go upto
10
.

of Do can =

and in in it is ahb✗→ 2 Lac ppm .

Chemical
Oxygen demand ( CoD) -

It is calculated to
as the ant of 02 required
oxidise
polluting substances is
the called C0D .

4
Generally kzlvzoy.in did tzsoy.is used to

calculate the C0D .

Eutrophication -

• It is the loss
of biodiversity .

•
Proceed in which water
body slow becomes

rich in blunt nutrients such as nitrated phosphates

✗ Dense plant population in water kills animal

life by ( content in 130

depriving decrease
) 02 .
 Soil pollution @bohring_bot
-

(G) Pesticides - Aldirin ,

Dieldrin
-

Non
biodegradable
-

(b) Herbicides - Nail 03 , N9zAs0z triremes

,

(1) Insecticides → DDT ,

BHC
,
Malathion ,

•
Polychlorinated hydrocarbons .

(d) Fertilizers → Phosphate ,

nitrate , urea ,

[ Increase plant growth in water bodies]

(e) Industrial waste -

Green chemistry -

Means Reduction
- in production of pollutants material
,

consumption energy consumption & generation

,
waste .

example
1 In
dry cleaning of cloths use
liq.CO +
detergent in
.
>

tetra chloro
place of ethane ( ChC=C4z ) .

2. Use those in place of C12 in

bleaching of paper .

3.
Synthesis of useful comp from . waste .
.

CHECK +
02 ¥2s LH3 CHO ( water process)