Application of Evaporation in
Pharmacy

submitted by

Parthiba Ghosh
 

CONTEXT 

INTRODUCTION
FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF

EVAPORATION
EVAPORATOR
TYPES OF EVAPORATOR
HOW AN EVAPORATOR WORKS
REFERENCE
 

INTRODUCTION
Evaporation is a type of
Evaporation
vaporization
Of a liquid that occurs from
the surface of a liquid into its
gaseous phase in below
its Boiling point, that is not
saturated
saturat ed wi
with
th
the evapora
evaporating
ting substance.
Steam produced in a boiler is
another example
Of evaporation occurring in
an unsaturated vapor phase.
 

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF

EVAPORATION
1. Conc
Concenentr
trati
ation
on of
of th
the
e sub
subst
stanc
ance
e evapo
evaporrating
ating
in air

2. Con
Concen
centr
trati
ation
on of oth
other
er subst
substanc
ances
es in the air
3. Flow ra
rate ooff ai
air
4. In
Intter
er-m
-mol
olec
ecul
ular
ar for
orce
cess

5. Pressure
6. Surface area
7. Tem
emper
perat
atur
ure
e of the
the su
suns
nsttanc
ance
e
 

What is an Evaporator??
An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical
into its gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a
gas.

USE
1. An evapo
evapora
rator
tor is
is used in an air-c
air-conditi
onditioning
oning syste
system
m to allow a compres
compressed
sed
cooling chemical, such as R-22 (Freon)
(Freon) or R-410A to evapora
evaporate
te from liquid to
to
gas while absorbing heat in the process.
2. The pro
proces
cesss of e
eva
vapor
porat
ation
ion is wi
widel
dely
y use
used
d to conce
concentr
ntrat
ate
e fo
foods
ods and
and
chemicals
chemi cals as well as salvage solvents.
solvents.
3. One of the
the most
most important
important applica
applications
tions of evapo
evapora
ration
tion is in tthe
he food
food and
beverage industry.
4. In the pharm
pharmaceuti
aceutical
cal industry
industry,, tthe
he evapor
evaporation
ation process
process is used
used to eliminat
eliminate
e
excess
excess moisture, providing an easily handled product and improving product
stability.. Preservation
stability Preservation of long-term activity
activity or stabilization
stabilization of enzymes in
laboratories are greatly assisted by the evaporation process.
 

TYPES OF EVAPORATORS
1. Natur
Natural/
al/fo
forc
rced
ed circ
circula
ulatio
tion
n evapo
evaporrator
ator
Natural circulation
evaporators are
based on the
natural circulation
of the product
caused by
the
the dens
densit
ity
y diff
differ
eren
en
ces that arise from

heating.
 

2. Falling film evaporator

This type of
evaporator is generally
made of 4 –8 m (13 –
26 ft) tubes
tubes enclose
enclosedd
by steam jackets. The
uniform distribution
distribution of
the solution is
important when using
this type of
evaporator.
 

3. Rising film (Long Tube Vertical) evaporator

In this type of evaporator,

boiling takes place inside the
tubes, due to heating made
(usually by steam) outside the
same. Submergence is therefore
not desired; the creation of
water
wat er vapor bubbles inside the
tube creates an accessional flow
enhancing the heat transfer 
transfer 
coefficient..
coefficient
 

How an evaporator works ?

• The solution containing the desired product is fed into the
evaporator
evapor ator and passes across a heat source. The applied
heat converts the water in the solution into vapor. The vapor
is removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed
while the now-concentrated solution is either fed into a
second evaporator or is removed. The evaporator, as a
machine, generally consists of four sections. The heating
section contains the heating medium, which can vary. Steam
is fed into this section. The most common medium consists
of parallel tubes but others have plates or coils typically
made from copper or aluminium.
aluminium. The concentrating and
separating section removes the vapor being produced from
the solution. The condenser condenses the separated vapor,
then the vacuum or pump provides pressure to increase
circulation.

Problems
Technical problems can arise during
evaporation
Fouling
Corrosion