CHAPTER 1

MATTER
LATEST SYLLABUS - Key Concepts / Concernss Learning Outcomes:
Main postulates of kinetic molecular theory of matter. describe the main postulates of the kinetic
-

theory of matter
Explanation of change of state of the matter -

explain the reason of change of one state of the matter to

onthe basis of inter particle space & inter particle another &vice-versa on the basis of -
attraction & collision.
inter particle space and inter particle attraction and collision;
Law of conservation of mass.
define & explain -
statement & explanation with examples.
the law of conservation of mass using an example.

A. INTRODUCTION TO MATTER
1. DEFINITION - Matter

Matter is defined as
anything that -

Occupies space .has mass can be perceived bythe senses.

2. COMPOSITION -

Of matter
Matter in any state is composed of small particles - molecules, atoms or ions.

MOLECULES IONS
ATOMS
An atom - is the A molecule - is the An ion is any

Smallestparticleofanelement smallest particle ofa substance atom or a group of atoms

which has a resultant charge
which can take part in a that can normally exist
reaction && is considered the- separately & retain the dueto-
characteristics of the substance. loss or gainofelectrons
basicunit ofmatter. ions.
atoms. eg.O, H2, Clh are -molecules. e.g. O, H, CIlare -
e.g. O, H, Cl are
-

Of matter
3. CHARACTERISTICS- called its 'volume.
Volume occupies space, which is
matter
its mass
the quantity of matter represents
Mass matter represents its weight'.
the gravitational pull o n
Weight matter c a n be perceived by
touch, sight, smell etc.
-

Perceiving of matter -

Living - plants &

animals. Non-living - air, water etc.
Examples of matter
4. STATES OF MATTER Solid, liquid o r gaseous [vapour]
-

SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Characteristic

Occupies space Occupies space Occupies space

Space Has mass
Has mass Has mass
CMass Have -
a definite volume|Have
-

a defunute volume Have -

no defirnite volume
Volume Have a definite shape Have - n0 defuite shape Have - no definite shape

Shape Have h i g h density Have - less density Have - least density

Density be compressed Slughty- compressible Highly compressible -

Cannot
Compressibility Any
-

no. of - free surfaces One upper - free surface |No - free surfaces
Free surfaces Shows - diffusion
Cannot- diffuse Very easily - ditfuses
Diffusion
 ORY OF MATTER Main
B.
KINETIC
MOLECULAR

POSTULATES-
of kinetic theory of
matter
postulate
MAIN
1. cOMPOSITION Ofmatter
solid, liquid, or gas is composed.
Matter in any
state 1.e. of -
Particles molecules, atoms or ions.
small particles namely
INTER-PARTICLE SPACE

in a way such
that they have -

are arranged
The particles i.e, intermolecular space.
between them.
spaces existing
INTER-PARTICLE ATTRACTION

force which is
-

attract each other with a

All particles each other and
are close to
.

maximum if the particles distance from each

other
particles are at a
minimum if the vice-versa.
and
i.e. decreases
with increase distance

ENERGY
POSSESSED By particles ofmatter

Kinetic energy motion, they possess energy

called kinetic
Since particles are in continuous
wlhich then move more tond
energ
of heat increases kinetic energy particles
of
andonly
-

Application
THEORY OF MATTER
-

Applicable to solids, liquids

& ga
gases
2. KINETIC

SOLIDS
Inter-particle space minimun.
Inter-particle space between
the particles is
Inter-particle attraction
maximum
between the particles is-
Inter-particle attraction
Energy possessed by particles of
-

matter
in a solid is least.
Kinetic energy of molecules

LIQUIDS
Inter-particle space solids.
Inter-particle space
between the particles is slightly nore than
Inter-particle attraction
is less compared to solids.
Inter-particle attraction between the particles
-

Energy possessed by -particles ofmatter

Kinetic energy of molecules in a liquid is large.
GASES
Inter-particle space
Inter-particle space between the particles is cOmparatively very large.
Inter-particle attraction
Inter-particle attraction between the particlesis-negligible.
Energy possessed by- particles ofmatter
Kinetic energy of molecules ina gas is Cery larg

e3
 C.COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND
GASES
Characteristic SOLIDS LIQUIDSs GASES
.INTER-PARTICLE
SPACE
Minimum More than solids Maximum

Arrangement of Particles closely packed Particles less Particles least compact

atoms [molecules] compact

Movement of About their

atoms [molecules]
own position In continuous motion In any random direction|

O
. INTER-PARTICLE Very strong Less strong Very weak
ATTRACTION
BETWEEN ATOMS
E
Solids are therefore - Liguids are therefore -
- highly rigid Gases are therefore -
less rigid - least rigid
cannot be
compressed-slightly compressible - highly compressible

Have -
Have - Have -
-

a definite volume -a definite volume

-a definite shape no definite shape
-

no definite volume
- infinite free surfaces one
- no definite shape
upper free surface- no free surtace
Do not diffuse with May diffuse with
-

other solid particles Rapidly - diffuse with

. ENERGY other liquid particles other gas particles
POSSESSED BY
PARTICLES

Kinetic energy -
of molecules Kinetic energy -
-Least of molecules Kinetic energy
- Large of molecules
- Very large
VAPORISATION
LI----------->
QUEFACTION
ONIL 13W
NOL YOLIa 10S
-
-
-
-
-
--
E.CHANGE OF STATE OF MATTER ON BASIS OF Kinetic theory
3. INTERCONVERSION OF MATTER On basis of kinetic
theory

MELTING VAPORISATION

SOLIDIFICATION LIQUEFACTION

GASEOUJs
SOLID LIQUID
VAPORISATION
MELTING
rises
ON HEATING SOLIDS - temperature rises ON HEATING LIQUIDS - temperature
Particles - gain energy
Particles gain energy
-

absorbed
to the liquid is
heat energy supplied to the solid is absorbed /heat energy supplied
stored as potential energy]
by its molecules & stored as potential energy] by its molecules & -
increases
Inter-particle space
Inter-particle space increases -

increases the space

stored potential energy increases the space| stored potential energy
attraction
-
decreases
Inter-particle
Inter-particle attraction -decreases forceofattraction
decreases to
alm0st negligiblej

force ofattraction betweenparticlesdecrenses|

At boiling point particles become tree
-

At melting point
-

particles become free. &z escape as gas

720leculesbeconefree &thesolid dhangestoliquid molecules become completely free
SOLIDIFICATION

LIQUEFACTION falls
LIQUIDS - temperature
ON COOLING GASES -temperature falls ON COOLING
Particles - lose energy
the
energy in
Particles - lose energy
energy in the On cooling the liquid potential
On cooling thegas thepotential molecules is released as heat energyl
molecules is released as heat energy
decreases
Inter-particle space -
Inter-particle space decreases greatly decreases the space
-

releasedpotential energy
releasedpotentialenergydecreasesthespace increases
Inter-particle attraction
-

Inter-particle attraction increases

-

increases
force ofattraction between particles
force ofattraction betweenpartilesincreases
slow down. Atsolidificationpoint-particles slow down
At liquefaction point particles
-
molecules are not in aposition tobefree& thegaseous molecules are not in a position tobefree & the liquid
dianges into - solidstate
state danges into - liquidstate

SUBLIMATION
ON HEATING A SUBLIMABLE SOLID-e.g. ammonium chloride
Inter-particle attraction - i s low
[sublimable solids have verylow force ofattraction between their particles
Inter-particle attraction - is overcome
-On heating a sublinable solid theinter-particle attraction is overcome
The molecules break-free and escapes
from the surface of the solid directly into the
-

vapour
F. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: Law & experimental
evider
1. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Lavoisier [1789]: Formulated the law on the results of experimental evidence

NaCl soln. AgNO soln.

NaCl+ AgNO AgCl + NaNO

or [BaCl2 + Na,SO4 BasOv + 2NaCI
Antoine Lavoisier Landolt's Experiment
STATEMENT
Whenever a chemical change takes place
The total mass of the reacting substances is exactly equal to -
The total mass of the products- provided
masses are measured under similar conditions.
It can also be put forth as - matter is neither created nor destroyed -
chemical reaction but changes from one form to another.
during a
-

EXPLANATION:
- If A & B react to form C& D then - according to law of conservation of mass
Mass ofA + Mass of B = Mass of C + Mass of D
i.e. Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products

EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE:
Landolt used a H-shaped tube as shown above & introduced a -
solution of sodium chloride [NaCI] & silver nitrate [AgNO] in the limbs of the tube.
solutionsofBaCl, & Nay SO, could also be used in the H-shaped tube in placeof NaCl &AgNO
The tube was then sealed & weigied before the experiment. The solutions were mixed
with each other by shaking and - a white precipitate of silver chloride was obtained.
The tube was again weighed after the experiment.
Results:
Weight of the H tube + reactants =weight of H tube + products
NaCl +AgNCO AgCI + NaNO
+ NaSO4
or BaCl, BaSO + 2NaCl
Total mass of reactants Total mass of products
LIMITATIONS OF THE LAW:
Landolt observed causes - for a very slight error in the experiments.
Chemical energy stored up in the reactants is released in the form of heat or light.
Hence mass is converted toenergy &t thus mass && energy are to be considered togetn
This correlates with Dalton's atomic theory that -

atoms can neither be created nor destroyed, but change from one form to anothe