CAAPTER NO: !

*BAsiC CONCEPTS+STorCHOMETRY*
ScIENCE!
She deep sludy. of natural hings
aYound Us Called SLIence.
OR: She Systematic Knowledqe abtaiñed
ahrough observahions and cxperiments
is Called
CHEMISTRY: he bYanch of sIence
whih deals he Compositiòn of
matter, Structure of matter, properties of
MatteY, Changes mattey Qnd those
laws and principles whcth qovein these
Changes is Caled Caled ehe mis tyi
MATTER:Anyhng having mas and ocupy
Space is caled mattei
CompasiTION: She Combining mass of a
SubstancC is caled its Comesiton,
ATOM: Greek philosophers (ci) hought Smollehot
matter is made up of
Particles whch Can not be furiney sub
dvided.
DEMOCRITUS:(ci5]. (370-46o 8c)
Democitus Called hese indivisible patticdes
as atoms. ghe word atam is deiived
from ihe Greek word Atomgs which meons
 unCut oY ndivisible
gn I808 , an English Schol teacher Johyn
DALTON Presented atomic heory 9t5 main
Points are:
(1): AM matter is Composed of atoms.
(i): dtoms of Ine Same eltment hau
Similar PrOPerties.
(ii): Atoms of diferent elements have df
-erent propettes.

Modern defnition of Atot:

ghe Smallest Particle of an element whch
May may n0t
exist () inde
pendently Called
atomi, Examples
aYe: Heluim (He), Neon (Ne) , Hydogen CH)
Carbon (c), Soduin (Na), Cuprum (Co)
Sulphur (s) ec.
Modern Yeseaych Shous hat an atom
iS furihe y Composed of eicchrons, protors,
Neutrons, Hyperon, Meson. Me0-Meson , pron, Kaan,
GYavon , Gluon, Nutnino , Anti-nuf nno etc.
Jhese Pattules Called Sub-ahc
particles. More Ihan Sub- atomcpathiles
have been cdiscovered
BERZELIUS (1779 1848) was a Sweedish
Chemist.
(). He detevmined he atomic masses of elements
(n)e He introduced symbols for Clements.

EvpERCE OF ATOms A cleqY tmaqe of

 3
an atom Can not be obtained because
it i's Smaller dhan Wave
Cengn of
visible li¡ht. An oYdinary micYOSCOPe
Can measuYe upto OY Qbove S00 Km.
An atom Can be observed by an
electron micYOSCOPe. An electron micYOSCOPpe
USes beam electrons tnstead (zs d)
of visible ight. he
yhe x- Yays work also
qives evidence (G) 0f atoms. ghe
diameter Cf éhe atoms of he
Ovder of 0-27m [nma 1ö'm].
he mass Of Qn Qtom Yanges from
we may Say Chat
an atom ertremely Small Paxticle.
t Student ehat
Stop Can
Can
Contain
imag1ine
two millon atoms
a full
it. A
obtained
photogreph of graphite
by electron micYOSCOpe is
Shown
has been
Che gigure. his photaqraph
times
maqnißied (Y) I5- millia)

ELEMENT: A Subst ance Composed of Chemcaly

identical atoms called a element,
Chemcaly dentical atoms mean atoms
having ehe Same atomic numbers
MOLECUL¬
fhe Smallest patticle of
Substance which Can exiat ndepend
-ently (iby) Called molecule,
Molecules Cons1at of or diffeYe
-nt Kind of atoms
MONO-ATOMIC MNOLECULES:
Molecules haung
only one atom are called mono-atomic moleules.
EXAMpLES: He, Ne, AY, Ky, Xe, Rn.
DIATMIC moLECULES : Molecules having two
fuo
atoms aYe called diatomic
molecules',
HoMoUcLEAR DIAToMIC moLECULES:
Amolecule having two similay atoms Qre
Caled homonucleay diatomic mplecules,
EXamples. Ha, Na, Oa, Fa, Cls, B72 etc
HETERONUCLEAR DIATONIC moLECULES:
Molecules having two ditferent atoms ave
Called hetexonuclear ohatomic molecules
EXomplesi NO, CO, HCl. HE etc.
POLyATOmIC molECULES: (poly means many)
Molecules havng moYe than tuo atoms (Similar
or different) are Called
polyatomie molecales;
EXOmples He0, co,, Os, Pa, SO,, Ss, , Cos,:
MACROMOLECULES: "ndacYo meqns Very b9
Molecules of hih molecutar asses, whose
moleculaY 9reater han
mass
ten Ihousand [lo.o00]
is useualy
Called macYo molec
-ules
EXamples are
proteins, Starch, Haemoqlobin etc
Haemoglabinis
a hydrogen atom.
times heavey hon
ATOMITiCiTY !
She number of atoms present
a molecule
Examples. caled its atomiticityi
Atomiticity of GH
Atomiticity of Gh¡Q, etc.

*COMPOUND
new substance Produ:ed by ehe ehemi
-cal Combinahon two moYe
Chan two cliffeient elements in a
Bixed Yaho mass i's Called

A Compnd wnl Aave diferent propethes

Constituent
elements. e9
Ligud
nflamable [Helps in iami) (Extinquahes fie]
JON: Jhe specie Which Carry p0sitiwe or
neqative Charqe is Caled an (on
Jon may be Positiie or neqatie
* POSiTIvE VON [CATION]:
Positively charqed ions
Qre callecl Cabions.
Atoms having touw ioniation energj
values, lose electron easity, Qnd
will becomes positively charged e
Na
1,8,1 2,8
ARIONS: Negatiiely Charged ions/partiles
aTe Called anions.
Atoms having high electvon affinity
values ill piK
pitk Up electrons easily
and
which
thus
qre
becomes
Called
negatively
anions.
charçed
cl'+é
287 268
MoLECULAR ONS!
Any moleculaY specie having positive
negative Charge is Called mol
-Ccular
MoleculaY Catons are formed
by passing h1gh energy electronS
X- particles througk a
gas-eg
Jt is neceSary to note that cahonic
molecular ions qre abundant (ou) ehon
anionic ones.
 ATOMIC NumBER (2)
Jhe number of avoton
present che ucleus of an atm
Called atomic mumbeY. 9
Yepresented by
MASS NUMBER (A)
and
he SUm of proton
neutron present in Lhe
an atom
Called nucleus
7epresented by A mass mo,
9t is
NOTE: SoAtam neutral asas a whole
it means
hat he mumbey
electrons and Protons
She number are eyuql.
neutron
equal
Che
to
number
ehat
proton
elhey
gheater Chan
neutro will be
hat Protons.
MPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
Chemistry has played and still plays
Very imPortant
role in
life. FoY example
OUY
daity
(): Gndustial chemis try provde Us
valuable
bulding
mate rials
Cement, Glass, paint . Varnish, SUch as
2): Meialurgy has provded Uspolish etc
many
metals
are used
Jhese metals and heir
alloys
machines and Construchon
Qutomobiles.
of Compleated
(3): She Chemical fertiligers mcreases Crop's
yield /nsecticides and pesficdes
aYe being applied to Control pla
-nts diaeases. hese are he gYts of
Chemistry.
(4): Sndustrial chemistry also prouide us
Usegul imdustvial products such as
Soap Ghee, plastics. syn hetic ibres
YObbet. Cosmetics . alcohols. presetvatives
matches anc inK etc.
(5): Jn Che field of medhcines, many
lite saving daugs, medicnes. anti
-Septics and disinfectants hae been
discovered
many
for Che
diseases
Ereatement

(6): Nuclegr Chemistry provide us Yadio

isotopes for Chc treatement of
cliseases Such as cancer and
many
tumory (Gr).
(): Exlosives, Posonous qases. fie exting
-ursheYS, qas masks, heavy quns .
tanks, Warships , atomic
ait craßts .
bomb, hydroqen bomb whech are Used
for Ohe cltfence Chemists
f Country, are
prepared by

(soT0PES : Atoms of he same element having he Same

atomic mumbers but dfferent ass numbezs
are called otpes and Ihis phenomenon is caled
isotop)
 Atoms
having lhe
dfferent
same
ekments
mass
mumbers but dffrent atomic mos
are Called
EXAMPlES; isobars
7
C and N X and Ba
I30 130
IS0TON ES: Atoms of different
elements
dfferent
having
mass
clifftrent atomic numbers S
MumbetS but he SamC
number neutrons are Called isotoncs
Exomples are: Cand N
13 I4 N and 0
Si and 3/p P
30 etc.
Explain Stoichiometric calculahions
ANS
Stoichiometry a qreek woTd which
means guantitative measuYC
1eactants
and ploducts.
she branch
deals ehemistrY shech
(Glisa)
fuantitative relahionship
between Yeactants cnd products
balanced Chemical
is Called
ejuaton
Example: stoichiometry,
2MOle i mole A moles
OR 4gram 32 gram 36 gram
yn stoichiomet ric Calculatons:Jolouawing
inportant.
Conditions Qre
ehanqes to products.
Completely
()- Realants Yeachon OCCurS
(ii)= No Side mass ,
Consetvahin of
law of de71nite propothons
(i)a ghe as
lhe of
must be obeyed.
CONSERVATION OF MASS
LAw OF presented by
Luw was
ghis and states
states ehat:
LAVIOSER in 1885 be Crealed
Can neiher
ass Chemial Yeaction,
destroyed caninga

LAwOFDEFINTE PROPORTION:
presented by Taseph
Shis Law was
States hat i
gndsubstance/compoundl
proust aluays cont
Pure elements, Connbined
-ain Che Same
he
ame ßixed pORtton
togeiher Source
by mass ihat eve
may be i
STOICHIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS:
ghe balanced chemncal eguatin 9ies us
Chiee types of Telationshps
(): MasS Mass Relaionship:
calulate mass
Üns Case We
of
ome Substance ron Uhe ven
 ehe oihey Subslance
)- Ma5$ Mole Relatonshijo
Gn ehis Case we calealate moles
0f One substanCe fron he grven
mass of he othey Substance and
vICe Versa
(i)- Mass- Volune Relationshijp
Chis Case we calulate,volu
-me of one Subs tance from ehe
gien mass of lhe othey Substance
and VICe Versa. (U).

SCIENCE,sOCIETY RELATiONSHIP
ehemistry guantitative analysis
ehe determination of Concentra tion
different SubstanceS present
Sample. ghis VerY inportant
medical seence. Medital diaqnostrs
USes he Tesults of
Chemicat analysis For example glucase
determined he blood of
diabe hics. Steroid and oher. stimulants
determined he emine of ak
etes. his dop1ng Cmtrole he chole!
strol level in blood is determined
by uantitatie analysis
Gn Russia iit specalists who
are
lmedcine
Involved
Qre
ehemcal
Caanected
analysis for
physicians draqnosis of different
chseases
ExpLAI MOLE AND AVOGADKOS
ER:
Numg
ANSi MOLE,
a Lot1in
Latin Word whch
Actually mole i's
means a huge (aiy mOss.

Mole Che unit of amDunt of

Substance Mole a number as well as
quantity 9 is represented by n
As Similar hings I pair

Century
/000 ! Kilo
Similovey 6023 xi6 Sinilar hings 1mole.
De7inition-t: A of 6023 x o3
group
Similat things CionS, atoms,mOleules]
is called moler
De7inition-2: she atomic masses, molecular
masses , formula OY masses
ionic masse a Substance expressed
Ctaxen) in grams is Called mole,
EXAMplES:
Imole of Hydroqen atoms = t008 grams.
/ mole of Carbon atoms = IR Ol grams
 I mole of H0 molecules 3)
| | mole 0f Nacl s units 18o16 qYams.
1 mole of S&-5
OH ions I7-008
mole of
mlecules 44
* AVOGADRO'S
she mumber NUMBER
of
One mole Paxticles Present in
of a
SubstanCe is Called
AVOgadvos[ 7umbe
Jts value is
mmbey
6-023 x o3
I0 his Constant
present in One mole of
Substance Was
by an
Jtalian experimentally determied
-Y0. SO it is
Scientist»
named
Amadeo Awqad
of hot afer ehe mame
-ed SCientist.
by 7eprese nt
EXAmpLES:
Imole of sodum =23qYams Ng = 23
I mole of OxYgen zl6 6-023 xI0 Na- atoms.
| mole of grams 0= 6023xo. 0. atoms.
| mole of
waler= 18 9 Hh0= 6023 23
XIÑ
X/0 Hao molecules.
Nacl s8s 9 Nacl=6023 x8°
=
mole of AqNGg= 170 Nadt units.
A9NOs= 6023x/P AfNO fumit
Q3 What
what isis 9ram atom
- ule ? and gram
9Yam molec
why Concept of gram
atom useßul i Chemistry ?
ARIS: GRAM ATom:
She atomic mass of an element tqken
 is called gram qtom;
grams
For exomple:
One qram atom of Carbon I2 grams.
qram atam of satvim = 23 giamS
one 91am atom 0f Sulphora 32 gram.
of
GRAM moLECULE:
ghe moleculay mas of a moleule. expre.
-SSed giamts Caled gram moleule,
For exam ple:
Gram moleculo 18 grams
ChYam molecular mass f Ca 44 qiams
9ramm atom is
Jhe Concept f, ?
because is imposs ible
usefut
to See and wegh (Yi) rndivicual
atons OY even larqe number
of atoms

Q4 HO MOLE CALCULATiONS ARE CARRIED

ANS: MOLE CALCULATiONS
Sn order to ind out ehe mol¡Y mas
one ole) of any Substonce, ehe
(mass of
following steps should be followed.
EXAMpLE; HesO4
(4). write dawn he fomula of he substan
-Ce. For example, he fotmula of sulphuc
acid
(R): Fünd out ils mula
Yelatie fmula mnass.
 moles
Number Cquahon Patticular So
molecules Substance POssible Kumber ehe enk -ays Express
(5): Featoms.atoms,one
Kelatve
Into of s0- sulphunc acid
g Grams
moles(n)- and Che
mumber he Che
We
of Use Salphuxc (2x) heit
Substance
mass.
to moles Cpeimental
VarYing
oT help formula
Uhe usedContainsKnow mass
jolouing One ole.per
Nmbe - ehe (ix3a) +gtomic
vogadros
mumber formulo Convert MolaY Sulphur
of of acid
to qrams)
Mass(in mass
NUmber Chat masses
mole
Y into his mass Moles of relative+(4*i6) masSsESContains
I5
ofnumberCinkhe
uits6-023 Ony ubrK, 15 SO
one
(mass Cguatona 98 of and
POTticles molesequaton, it of . =
rheles of 98grams/mote.
hey arelHP,
massof Sabstance Qmu.
he sulphuri
so
, ox
ofpresent. Chemis ormula
mass hydroqen
fYtwo
anyoi
atoms mole one
he moles
and uScd to
is
SUbstanCe. dots S=32,
mole) molmS
a oxyqen
follawnq ons, not acd
cwotK O=16)
of to in
alw i5:
 6 Namber of particles
oR: Nutbey of moles - 6-023 x I03
ExAMPLE -L!
many moles
Hou many QYe here in 6o gramS NaoH.
SOLUTION:
Given mass of sodium hydroxide = 60 9
Molar mass oP Ya0H - R3+16+1 4og/mol
WumbeY of moles =. ?
using The Euation:
Molay mass
(1s mol )
40g/mol
EXAmpLE:I2
WRat iS he mass of os moles of Calcùm
Carbonate (Caco,) ?
SOLUTION:
Civen moles of CacOs O5 moles.
Molat mass of CacOs = 40+12+48 > 100glmo!
mass of Caco3 = ??
using he eguation:
mass
Number of moles= Molay mass
Mass No of moles x Molar mass
Mass 0-S x /00
(so qiams)
EXAMPLe 3
25
Jn a Certan experiment 850 XIo° molecules
0f uatey Were Used. Calculate dhe mmbe
Of moles 0f water
SOLUTIO!:
Number 0f
of watey moleculese 850xIO
yumber of motes of satet- ?
Number of moles Number of watey molecules
AvOgadros Number
8SOx s
6023 X(05
(4/ XI025-R3
-[4tx(o' mo les]
EXAMpLE (4 (skil develo2entent)
Hei many molecules are present in 12s 9
o hydrated copper sulphate (Cus04 SHO) ?
SOlUTIOE:
Cqiven mass of Cuslg SHO= 125 grams
Mo lay Mass of CusO4- SHs0-d4+32+69+ s(8
-d4+32 +64 +90
Number of moles. rass
Molay mtaSS
125 (0s moles )
2so g/mele >
Yumber f formala umts f Cusly sHo?
Number of moles NumbeY of formulo units
Avogado5 umber
No g formula units mtoles x Avogadros umber
 23
0s x 6-023 XIO
NO 9f Bormula units
3-on x103)
So ehere qie 3oN xIo3 Pasticles of Copper
Sulpkate Pentahydrate ( Cus04 ShHO) in i25 7