LI Chen Matter

Def of matter 8-
Matter is anything that has mass and takes
UP space olumej .

E. ×
.

A Balloon 8-

You blow a balloon the balloon

and
will have volume from the air in your
lungs .

Air is matter it has a mass and Volume .

Impure ? Diff
pure ? composition not bonded
MATTER
.

Same composition
no matter
where Ugo .
¢ ↳ Mean be easily
separated bcz of
pure Impure #their Properties
6 b-
/1-
.

£ homogeneous
Compounds Elements mixture

µ µ Mixtures t
you can't
made see the
Made from 2 Diff from the Heterogeneous mixture
uniform
types of atoms same
type
mixture
k
composition .

Chemically combined Of atom

fmixture
. .
You can see the

found on and separate it .

the periodic
table .
 L2 Chem
Pure Substances :
Compounds :*

Chemically
-

combined
-
Same constant composition .

Can be separated thot Physically

)
-

Impure substances :
Mixtures
• :
-
can
partial
be separated (physically
size .
) magnetism
-
Different composition .

Chemical Change :
Indicators :
precipation
-

-
Gas
-
New substances
-
Not Easily reversed
light
-

-
sound
-
heat
-

Color change
-
React
Physical
Indicators :
changes :

-
No new substance
-

Liquid to gas to solid

solid to gas :

sublimation
Condenses liquid)
-

solid to liquid :

Melting

Liquid to solid :

Freezing (Solidification)

Liquid to Gas :i

-
Boiling or Evaporation = Vaporization

Gas to solid :

Deposition
Gas to liquid :

Condensation

Right Side :

Solid / liquid / Gas :

Add energy / heat

-
particles move faster (more kinetic)
overcome the forces of
They
-

attraction between them and move

further apart .

Left side :
Gas / liquid / Solid :

-
Remove energy / heat
-
Particles slow down Gess kinetic )
-
Re build forces of attraction
-

of attraction between them so they 'd

move closer.
Cooler objects = Contract in size

warmer objects = Expand in size

 ↳ Chem
states of matter

Liquid :
-
Close clumping
All over the place one times sticking
)
-

-
not slow or fast movement
-

strong / wreak forces 00 O

O O
O
o

solid •••
←
close /next to eachother 8888
-
specific volume / shape
-
slow movement Nib rate
-

strong forces (stuck together)

Gas :
-
Allover the place 0 0
-
no shape o
-

Quick movement
-

Weak forces 0 O
O
O
O O
 LY Boiling
Evaporation
Vaporization Evaporation / Boiling

Liquid to Gas

Evaporation :

Evaporation at of the liquid

occur
any temp
-

can .

Evaporation is very slow .

Temp of liquid decreases due to

evaporation (gives a cooler effect)
. .

-
No bubble formation Occurs in
evaporation .

Boiling :
-

Boiling specific liquid occurs

a at
a particular temp ( Boiling temp) at a
particular pressure .

Boiling Rapidly
-

occurs .

During Boiling the temp of the

liquid remains constant .
-

Boiling is associated with bubble formation .

Similarities :
-

Both require energy .

Both loose volume

through the
process .

-
Both are physical changes .

Doth change state liquid to gas

-
.

Question :
-

what factor will effect the rate of

evaporation water from clothes on a
clothesline ?

•
Bad wind
• Temperature
• Low humidity
 Daring phase changes the temp
terrains constant because the
energy
being added is going towards overcoming
the forces of attraction between
particles of substance is being heated .

All energy being removed is going towards

Te building forces of attraction between
if substance is
particles being cooled .

The heating
curve
✗ Point
Freezing

F
§ Phase change
§ Vaporization
¥
☐ I Gas

É
to phase change
B
1- melting
C
Liquid
Solid
✓ Boiling
Point A
Energy Input
 The
Cooling
Curve

Aborting
Point Gas

gtol
T Condensation Liquid
E
m Ltos
P Freezing/ Solid
Solidification

Freezing
Melting
Point Energy Input

influxdid
 J
Unit 117211
Atomic structure

Democritus :
-
matter isfomeaoai-ofsnanpiaesi-nai.com .

"
not be cut into smaller parts called atonsos "
uncuttable
meaning .

430 Bc

Dalton 8
I. Atoms invisible Particles
are
tiny , .

2. Atoms of one element are all the same .

3. Atoms of different elements are different .

U .

Compounds form by combining atoms .

1808

0
 Thomson 8
Atoms are made mostly out of (4) charged
-

material , like dough in a ban .

The E) electrons found inside

Charged are
-

the G) Dough .

1847 o
O
o
°
O
O
O O
O O
O
O

Rutherford 8
-

Atoms have (t) Particles in the center ,

mostly
empty space .
(t ) particles called protons .

The center of the atom called nucleus .

191£ O
° O

O
O

O O
o o %
•
•
•

Bohr 81413
•

Improved Rutherford's model

-

on .

"
-
Electrons move around the nucleus in shells or specific
layers .

Every atom has a specific number of electron shells .

Chadwick 81432
-

Worked with Rutherford to discover particles

with no charge Eneutronsj .

-
Neutrons are also found in the nucleus
.

%
 Chem L2
Atomic Structure

Protons
'
: Positive charge P / Found in the nucleus/
Has a mass of 1

Neutrons : Neutral charge R2 / Found in nucleus /

Has a mass of 1 .

Electrons : Negative charge E-/ Found in shells or

clouds / Has a mass of 0 .

Atomic Number :
-

Smaller number on the periodic table .

Number of protons the nucleus of the

-

in
element .

IDENTITY OF THE ATOM Since atoms

are neutral the number of protons = the
number of Electrons .

Mass Number :
-

Bigger Number .

Not found on the periodic table .

Mass Number Protons + Neutrons = → Have a- mass

Neutrons :
-

Mass Number -

Protons =
Neutrons

E. ☒
AN : 20 14:40 -
20=20

40C p
E :
: 20
20 MN : 201-20=90
20

Atom Definition 8-
A particle of matter that defines the structure of
an element .

Same number of protons and neutrons

are neutral particles .
 Chen L3
Isotopes

Isotopes :
-

Atoms same element

-
Same Atomic number /Protons
-

Diff Number of neutrons therefore diff mass number

E. ✗ Lithuim =6 • =
Protons
so
• =
Neutrons
• = Electrons
ooo

••
Isotope
••
••
Symbol :
6

• zbi

6
 Chen Lu
Related Atomic Mass

Isotope Notation :
to

4
CI -

35

E. ☒ Cl -35 Cl -37
75% ?

RAM -_
(Mass Number ✗ Abundance) 1- ( x )
100

RAM __
(35×75)+(37×25) = 35-5

100 it
Anhser should
* Relative Atonic mass : be closer to

weighted average of all more abundant

-

the naturally occurring Isotope .

(mass number)
Isotopes
 85
£
Rb Mass %

84.4117 ( X ) 72.15
87
Rb 86.4085 400-4100-72.15
Average atomic
-85.4678
-

mass

85.4678=(84.4117*+186.9085%1%-1)
85.4678=89.9117×-186.4085-86.9085/2
85.4678-86.4085=84.4117 -86.4085ns
I 1 Y

¥%
-1¥
-1*168

21=0-7215
 Periodic table

By 1818 the number of element

-

identified had grown to 94

by 1864 it
was 66 .

chemists sought to establish relationships

-

between these elements and patterns in their

properties .

-
Elements in the same group have similar
chemical properties

The periodic is listed in order of increasing

-

table
atomic number (number of protons) .

The Horizontal tons are Periods .

-
vertical columns as
groups .
 Chem 15
Electron configuration

Refers to the way electrons are arranged in atoms .

Electrons move around the nucleus in electrons shell .

E. ✗
•

→
• 2

Mg
→
: 8
¥

Bro

• • ↳ 2
•

E. ✗
•

•
212
•
( •
→4

↳ nucleus
•
•

Electron Arrangement : 2,4

Patterns in Electron configuration 8
-
# of Valence electrons the same as group # .

Elements on the same group have the same #

of valence .

E. ✗ I 2 313 414 515 616 717 818

I -2 J T 5- -6 7- I
-

Period # =
# of electrons in the shell .
 Chen LG
Noble gases

Noble gases have full valence shells and

are very stable therefore unreactive (68) .

Go down the group density / boiling Point

-

Increases .

-
All other elements react to achieve fall
valence shells of 8 E 's
(except H ) this is
called octet role .

They do this by
-

gaining ,
loosing . Or

sharing E 's in chemical reactions .

Octate configuration 8
Group 1- react by loosing 1 electron
-

62 react
by loosing 2 electrons
-

63 react
by loosing 3 electrons
-

Gu react
by ( gaining loosing sharing ]
-

, , .

65 react by loosing 3 electrons

-

-
66 react by gaining 2 electrons .

-
67 react by gaining 1 electron .

-
68 Do Not react .
 Noble 8
gases
Helium •• Used in air ships bee low
density , lighter than air .

Neon •• Used bulbs

bcz it
in
light
react with
,
Neon
faliment
light
does not
when
and
gives color electricity
passes through it .

Argon :
-

Manufacture industry
Food and drink industry
-
 Chem 17
Alkaline Metals

-
Alkaline metals react by loosing their one valence

electron .

It is easily to loose 1 which is why alkali

metals are so reactive .

Reactivity of the alkali metals increases going down

the group .

t
why ? Reasons ?

Alkali metals their single

-

react by loosing valence

electron .

Going down the there electron between

-

group are more shells

f. Positive nucleus and it's valence electron .

-
This means less attractive force between the nucleus and

electron and the electron will be note easily lost .

Physical properties of Alkali Metals 8-

-

Soft ( can be cut using a knife)

-

Less dense than water / or floats on water

Shiny
-

Solid at Toon temp

conduct heat and electricity
-

✓
 Chemical Properties Of Alkali metals 8-
-
color change
chemical reactions with air / water
-

-
React with water to form metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas .

-
Alkali Metals + water → Metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas
-

Metal hydroxide 1-
hydrogen gas
→ React with oxygen in the air .

Alkali Metals Metal

-
→
+ Oxygen → oxide can be explosive reactions .

,nnW .
Reactivity change going
down the Alkaline Metals 8-
Boiling
-

point Dec
-

softness
-

Melting point decrease, going

Na 8 Soda in is stored in oil because

it's very reactive it reacts with
oxygen
and water vapor .
?⃝
 Chem L8
Alkaline Earth Metals

A little more dense than Alkaline metals .

React by loosing two Valence electron .

Reactivity increases
going down the
-

gp .

As down the
going group more shells but
lost electrons

/ Boiling point
Melting
-

Gp 2 decreases going down the

group .
 Chem 14
Halogens
Group 7
-

React by gaining L Valence electron .

Reactivity increases going the

-

up group
.

The
higher the group the less shells
between electrons and Positive nucleus
the force the
stronger the attraction
easier for the atom to
gain it's 1 electron .

Physical
•

properties 0

going
°
down the
group

Forces of attraction increases

-

Color
gets darker
-

Melting / boiling point increases:

-

USES :. Sodium
Florine : Prevents cavities →
toothpaste →
+
Fluoride
Used make
to nonstick
coatings
-
.

Chlorine Used
: to clean pool and supplies
( Hydrochloric * sodium
) .

Used in salt
Bromine : Used in
photography paper

Iodine : Antiseptic →
Alcohol -1 water
kills germs / Bacteria

Iodized salt for the

-

gland .
 Chen LIO
Transition metals

Group 3
-

high netting / boiling point

-

Going down the group attraction gets

Leaker between nucleus and electrons
so the electron easily lost
is
g
.

(
React
by loosing 3 electrons
-

.
.

-
Reaction increases going down the
group
 Unit 2 61
Ions

Ion :
charged particle formed when atoms loose or gain
electrons .

☒h§☒g?

µy⑧ JB§
Positive Ion :
cations
-

Formed when atom loose 's electrons

☒
-
.

Left on the periodic table

-
Metals
1 DX
mean -

Ionians, , ☐on, and

Ion ;
form
Ionic bond
an
☒☒
Negative
/ µµ
-

Anion
-
Formed when atom gains electrons .

Tight of the periodic table

-

µ
.

-
Non -
metals

"ÑH.¥☒ ¥µ☒⑧¥÷*⑨•M
:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷.§pqM•
••
*
* + ""
"
°" "" " "" "" " "
•

"°
i

;÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:*
""

*
* Alike charges repel together .
 Ions 2

Cations 1- anions = Ionic Bond

Ionic force of attraction

-

bond : Electrostatic
between opposite charged ions .

Magnesium Oxide : Magnesium + oxygen

-

'" "

÷
"
⑧ A

:-,
•

. 0 •

•
:

Mg
:
•
•o
.

After Bond :

• •

• •
•

• •

My •
: 0 :

•
•
I. •
 Louis Model :
(Electron Dot
Diagram)
"
"

MÑ¥ : = [ Mg ] E. :]
 Writing structure
of Ionic
Binary Compounds

Every compound is formed by metal 1- metal

-

a non -

through the transfer of electrons .

Aluminium 1-
oxygen
gift -Vg6
ATF :& : →
: Will have full valence shells

~ Sodium +
oxygen
Nat 02
-

✗ =Naz0
Crossing Rule : Chemical
formula
]
2-1 Atoms for
µ3+ 02
-

→
every oxygen atom

Ala 03
-

Boron + Chlorine Louis Structure :

13T¥
• .

EY ! :c :

BCI , 3%1]
(:ii
• •

☐
:c :

Oo

:
0 8
-

Binary Ionic Compounds = Name of 1st

element
Lnetals )
Mazo = Sodium oxide Saine
+
Myung =
Magnesium
chloride Thesecond
name Gon metal)
-

given sulfide

Aluminium Pb
#
-

+ Bromine

¥3 -1
¥-1 Pbo

X.sn#iA1zBtz 5h52
2-
Fest + s

Fess ,
 Transition
metals

Include (innumerals
charge brackets Roman
)
-

in '

Nickel CIII)
-

Most transition metals torn more than L

ion (have stiff States
) Sane Connon ions
.

are formed by diff states .

silver = -11 ions

Forms =

Zinc ions
Only -12
=

=
I 1
Copper oxygen 2 11
3 111
42
-1
02
-

4 IV
5 V
Cayey 6 V1
7- V11
( UO 8 VIII
4×1
10×11
.
 Ionic Compounds

Metal + Non Metal

/ | Holy atonic
main Transition ions Main
group
group metals nonmetals

1/2/32
Main Metals
group :

Chemical formula :* ,

Cross over
charges +1
-

Charge of metal from

group #
+21+3
-
Name : Name of metal + non metal ( sulfide)

Transition Metals :

Chemical formula :

cross over
charge
-

charge of metal in Taman

giver
-

numerals
Non metal -
IDE

Main group non -

metals
:&
?§5|b%|t-
-

charge from group#

BB↳ma•*
Polyatomic ions :

is memorized
cross over charge charge
-

If a subscript is put after the polyatomic

ion it brackets
-

you put in
-
Name does not
change

calcium Nitrate Sodium phosphate

-

-1 +
-

"B
ca
" at

(11/03)
C-a
,
Naz Poy

Barium sulfate Aluminium hydroxide

-

Ba "
"
.

Baz(son )2
HIGH),
Bason
 flame tests
* flame test are a
type of chemical tests .

it Done to identify cations } ionic bonds .

* Different cations give diff

colors when exposed to a

flame .

Magnesium phosphide
-

Sodium
Lithium
→

Pottasium → Lilac (
→ Red
Bright orange Mg2µ
light purple) Mgzpz
→

Copper → olive / blue

green
calcium
9¥97
→
Brick Red ""
Barium →
Light green / yellow green
→
Mg¥P°u)z
* Each metal ion gives a characteristic color when
exposed to a flame .

* These colors are used to identify the metals .

HCL
then 0h thebae
by Placita a wire
on
Done
Flame After observing
.
the former Prericipikte
I
on the Bunsen burner
 Sodium
Metal Ion + Hydroxide → Precipitate
( Metal hydroxide)

Copper -1
hydroid copper hydroxide
-

Blue Precipitate ,2

Chemical done to identify metal ions in ionic

-

compounds.A transition metals

-

Metal NaOH (sodium hydroxide) solution containing

the metal ion
c.
*
-

-
Observe the color by the precipitate (Ppt) .

Metal ion + hydroxide → Metal + hydroxide

(Ppt)
\

Alkali Metals :

No change (no ppt)

-

white Ppt
> +
-
Combine to add NaOH and HI Ppt disappears .

" "
-
(a / My 2+1 zn / A 13¥
2
+
N Hy add
-

Ag "→ Gray Brown Ppt to NaOH and

Fe → Green → Red brown Ppt heat turns into MHz , has
Fest → Red brown pp¥ 6 strong Snell .

Co2 Blue → Brown PPT -

Forms red litmus → blue

reacts with Hcl to white

cloudy smoky .

↳
(Ammonium + chloride)
 Anion Tests
-

Chemical tests done to

identify the precance of
diff ions solutions .

1) Carbonate test co }:
-

When anion is added to a solution

containing
carbonate salt water , carbon dioxide
,
gas are
formed .

Carbon
Acid + carbonate → salt + water * dioxide

Lime water test :

-
Clear →
cloudy

}
'

2) Sulfates test : so
step 1: Add acid to remove carbonates and
sulfite -
these are impurities that can interfere
with test results .

step 2: Add Barium

Barium + sulfate → Barium sulfate →
white Ppt

3) Halides GT , Br
)
- -

I
,
Halogens
step 1: Add nitric acid to remove carbonates and
sulfite -
these are impurities that can interfere
with test results .
 step 2: Add silver nitrate
Agt Ag Cl
-

-
+ CI → → white Ppt

Agt
-

+ Br cream Ppt
→
Ag Br →
-

Agt
-

I →
AGI yellow Ppt
-

+ →
 Properties of
Ionic Compounds

Ionic Compounds 8
-

An ionic compound is in the form of lattice .

Regular repeating pattern of altering positive and

-

by ionic
negative ions held together a strong compound .

of
Although compound is composed charged ions
-

the overall charge is neutral .

Ionic Compounds properties 8 when ion separate

1) Soluble in water (dissolve in watejt 's called disosiation

The
+
compound
.

breaks down when

Placed in water
2) Conduct electricity only
.

when melted dissolved in water In solids

or .

they
electrostatic forces but in
have strong liquids they
rdisosiate (Breaks down in water)

Waft
. .

W
3) Hard / Rigid / Brita : Ionic solids are hard
and rigid due to
patterns of ions
repeating .

Lattice structure consists oppositely charged ion

held in specific positions If the solid is hammered
.

then the ionic lattice disaster and ions with like

Charges are
brought close together . which causes
Tepultion between the ions the
and
crystal
shutters .
Solid ions are brittle .

3) high melting / boiling points :

This is because they have strong electrostatic

forces of attraction between the ions which need

high amount of to the ionic

energy overcome

bonding .
 Cleaning capacity
of soap with hard and
soft water

-
Distilled water : pure water

Hard water : water that contains dissolved ions

-

+
Forms a Percipitate called a scum

Detergents work in harm

-

Later .

-
Calcium ions form a percipitate the stereate
ions in soap .

I
-

Soaps dont work in hard water .

Compounds that cause hardness :

calcium
calcium + Later + Carbon → hydrogen
carbonate dioxide carbonate
-
Calcium hydrogen carbonate decompose under

high temperature back into insoluble calcium

carbonate .

product called scale

-
V

Causes Problems in heating systems ,

washing machines ,
and kettles
 Dietary elements

Dietary the nutrients

-

elements are needed for

the function
humans
body to .

( Fatty / amino acids,

vitamins , dietary elements .

Minerals the form of

-

in ions .

E. ✗ Functions

tote
calcium : in
building bones and teeth .

Iodide : In making thyroid hormones .

pottasium : Nervous System

Zinc : Immune system

Micro elements : Need in

Dietary
-

smaller amounts
-

Zinc / Iodide can cause serious health issues

Macro Dietary elements :

-

Calcium Pottasium Sodium Magnesium

- - - -

-
Phosphorus -

Sulfur -

chlorine Need in
larger
amounts

Epidemiology :
Study of health patterns and diseases in
-

populations .

From these for

-

studies we help gain evidence

help in improving public health decisions .

 Mineral supplements 8
-
Manufacture of Minerals and vitamins .

Supplements contain calcium ,

iron , magnesium, Zinc
,

Iodide ,
Chromium , Seliniam Ions .

-
If a
large amount is taken the supplements
could cause damage .

Selenium :
-
Selenium is needed in the body for enzymes
activity that protect us in our cells .

But in
high amounts it toxic it
-

is as
may
cause cancer .

Zinc :
Important the
body / Role
development
-

in in
growth am

especially in children in the nervous and immune systems

.

-
Diet deficient in zinc results deaths in developing
countries .

is
-

Overdosing bad

Fluoride :

Considered dietary elements bcz it

-

as an essential

stops tooth decay .

-
Fluoride is safe
-
Improved on Childrens dental quality .

At of
higher levels Fluoride PPI develop skeleton
-

fluorosis →
ceases damage to spines and bones
 Calcium :

Needed for heart digestive system ,→ for

-

muscles , ,

teeth
building bone , ,
and function blood cells .

Fish nuts and seeds

greeny
-

, vegs ,
.

Saves heart attacks

-

-
Calcium and magnesium ions creates hard hater .

Main in hard calcium

-

compound water is hydrogen

carbonate .

-
The compound is soluble forms when insoluble calcium

Carbonate
,
Present in limestone and chalk reacts
with acidic rain .

Calcium
+
water + carbon → calcium hydrogen
carbonate Dioxide carbonate

Caco > G) t Hzo @ a) Coz Eaa )→ Calicos)z(aq)

 criterion c-
Skills

1) Tittle
Raw Data table 8
8 The effect of changing the IDV(Tools /
units (Tools /units)
) on the DV .

* Tools / units only in headings / tittles

2 Parts → Left columns IDV Righ column

DV .

2) Data
Processing 8
1) Explaining To calculate→ . . .
Subtract . . . -

2) Equation words / numbers change in

height = - i - i -

calculations
80 -
Zo = Go

3) To calculate the
average . . .
for 7- bags
(units ) each trial will be added together
and divided by the number of trials .

Tittle 8 The effect of changing the IDV

limits ) on the DV .
 3) Graph
Tittle
8
The effect of
8 changing the
IDV
(units ) on the
average
DV
( units) -

Results from Process

¥-4
Data

s
-

✗ axis IDV

4) Conclusion 8
1) Data obtained support / Did not support
my hypothesis
2) This is evident as the data shows
the average . . -
is . . . .

3) The graph has a

pattern →
Pattern or errors
in Raw data table
4) The results are reliable .
.
.

5) Scientific Expiration . . .

5) Evaluation 8
Error 8 Sample five of
size : only samples Used
• . .

Very narrow range . . . Can't see overall relationship

between affect
. . . which would
reliability of results .

Improvements :
They should test at least 7 Diff . . .

(Suggest ) wider data for a better

more . . .

range
 Overall relationship between . . . and . . .
to improve
reliability .

Number of trials :
Error : The expire meat was only done three times
any error would be difficult to
identify and

would have impact the calculated

a
bigger on

average Wich could affect the reliability of

results .

Improvements : Repeat the expirement at least Stines

the
and calculate the
average by adding result
of the trials and divide 5- This
by would
make the results more reliable because errors
would be easier to identify and have smaller
impact on the
average .
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