. CHEMISTRY . b.
Homogenous mixtures - possess the
. MATTER . throughout their mass.
Definition: Anything that occupies space and has
mass
❖ Properties:
➢ Chemical
■ Can be observed or
measured as a substance
changes in identity.
● Ability to burn,
reactivity
➢ Physical
■ Can be observed or
measured without changing
the identity of the substance
● Appearance, texture,
color, odor, etc.
❖ Intensive and Extensive Property
➢ Intensive - do not depend on the
amount of matter in a sample
■ Melting point, boiling point,
density, etc.
➢ Extensive - depend on the amount
of matter in a sample
■ Volume, mass, energy, etc.
❖ Types of Matter
➢ Properties of Elements
■ Electronegativity
■ Metallic Radius
■ Melting Point
■ Density
➢ Properties of Compounds
Definition: composed of two or
more separate elements
■ Fixed proportion and ratio of
constituents by mass
■ Cannot be separated by
physical means
■ Homogenous in nature
➢ Properties of Mixtures
Definition: a material composed of
two or simpler substances in
chemistry.
■ Each individual component
of a mixture retains its
original physical and
chemical properties.
■ The proportion of the
components throughout the
mixture varies.
a. Heterogeneous mixtures - possess
different properties and
compositions in various parts
i. Suspension: a mixture with
large particles. They are large
enough to be seen and also
to settle and filtered out of
the mixture.
1. Salad dressing
Lanuzo, G
same properties and combination
i. Solution: a mixture with tiny
particles.
1. Salt solution
ii. Colloids: a mixture of
medium-sized particles. The
particles are large enough to
be seen but not large enough
to settle or be filtered out of
the mixture.
1. Gelatin
. ATOMS .
Definition: Basic unit of an element
❖ Atomic Theory
➢ Explains how all matter is composed
of atoms
1. Democritus - a greek philosopher.
- Atomos - indivisible
- He proposed that every matter has
“atomos”.
2. Aristotle - all matter is simply made up of 4
elements : fire, air, eart, water
➢ John Dalton (British scientist)
■ Father of modern atomic
theory
■ Revolutionized the atomic
theory
■ Viewed atoms as tiny, solid
balls
■ Coined the term “atom”
from “atomos” of
Democritus
■ Solid Ball
● Atoms are tiny,
invisible particles
● Atoms of one
element are of the
same
● Atoms of different
are different
● Compound form by
combining atoms
➢ J.J. Thompson
■ The first scientist to show
that atom was made of even
smaller things.
■ He proposed the existence of
a positive (+) particles
■ Cathode ray tube experiment
led to the discovery of
corpuscles or electrons
■ Plum pudding model
● Atoms are made
mostly out of
positively charges
material, like dough
in a bun
● The negatively
charged electrons are
Part II NMAT
 found inside the
dough
➢ Ernest Rutherford
■ Discovered protons and
nucleus
■ Showed that atoms have
positive particles in the
center and are mostly empty
space.
■ Cathode ray tube led to the
discovery of proton and
nucleus
■ Rutherford planetary model
➢ Neils Bohr
■ Improved rutherford’s model
■ Proposed that electrons
move around the nucleus in
specific layers or shells.
■ Every atom has a specific
number of electron shells.
➢ James Chadwick
■ Discovered neutrons
➢ Schrodinger and Heisenburg
■ Electrons do not behave like
planets.
■ Electrons are much smaller
than photons or light
■ Electrons are two places at
the same time
➢ The Modern model (1920)
■ The new atomic model has
electrons moving around the
nucleus in a cloud
■ Impossible to know where an
electron is at any given time
❖ Components of an Atom
➢ Nucleus
■ Protons - positive
■ Neutrons - neutral
➢ Electrons - negative
❖ Properties of an Atom
➢ Atoms are very small in size
■ Atomic number
■ Atomic mass
■ Electric charge
■ Radioactivity
■ Relative atomic mass
■ Formula unit mass
■ Molecular mass
❖ Electron configuration
➢ Hund
■ States that when electrons
occupy degenerate orbitals,
they must first occupy the
empty orbitals before double
occupying them.
Lanuzo, G
➢ Aufbau
■ The “building up” principle
■ Electrons occupy orbitals in
order of increasing energy.
- 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s,
4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p
➢ Pauli
■ Postulated that each
electron can be described
with a unique set of
quantum numbers
Quantum numbers:
- Set of numbers used to describe the
position and energy of the electron
in an atom
■ n-principal = (1, 2, 3, 4, …)
● The energy level of an
electron inside an
atom
● Periods from H to Fr
■ l-angular momentum = (0,
1,..) (n-1)
● Described the general
shape or regional
electron occupies:
orbital shape
■ ml-magnetic = (..-,1, 0, 1,...)
● Describes the orbital
orientation in space
● -1,<n<+l
■ ms-spin = (+½, -½ )
● Describes the spin for
a given electron
● A single orbital can
hold a maximum of
two-electron and
must have opposite
spins
❖ Quantum Mechanics
➢ Electron moves around
unknowingly, we cannot know
where electrons are.
➢ e- moves in an orbital
Part II NMAT
 . ELEMENTS . ❖ Oxidation state
❖ Periodic Table of Elements
- Tabular display of elements
Dmitri Mendeleev - 1869
➢ Classifications
■ Metals
■ Non-metals
■ Metalloids
➢ Group and Families
Groups - columns (18)
Periods - rows (7) + Lanthanides and Actinides
Families - groups of elements with similar
properties
● IA: Alkali metals (+1 charge)
● IIA: Alkaline earth metals (+2 charge)
● IIIA: Semi metal and basic metals (+3)
● IVA: non-metal, semi-metal, basic metal (+/-
4)
● VA: nonmetal, semi-metal, basic metal (-3)
● VIA: Chalcogens (-2)
● VIIA: Halogens (-2)
● VIIA: Noble gas (0)
➢ Periodic Trends
■ Electronegativity (top-right)
● Increases as you
move up and move to
the right
■ Atomic radius (bottom-left)
● Increases from right
to left and top to
bottom
● Largest is francium
■ Ionization energy (top-right)
● Increases from
bottom to top within
a group and from left
to right within a
period.
■ Electron affinity (top-right)
● Follows the same
periodic trend as
electronegativity
● The energy released
when an atom gains
an electron
● Increases as we go
towards the right and
up.
. COMPOUNDS .
Lanuzo, G
➢ The total number of electrons an
atom gains or loses in order to form
a chemical bond
➢
❖ Types of chemical bonds
1. Ionic bonds - transfer of electron
takes place
2. Covalent bonds - sharing of electron
a. Polar covalent bonds -
unequal sharing of electrons
b. Non-polar molecules - equal
sharing of electrons
❖ Representation of compounds
➢ Percent composition
Percent composition= Total amount of element
present in the compound / molecular mass of the
compound x 100
❖ Molecular geometry
➢ Also known as molecular structure,
is the three-dimensional structure or
arrangement of atoms in a
molecule.
❖ Intermolecular forces
1. London dispersion
a. Weakest
2. Dipole-dipole
a. Molecules possessing
permanent dipole exhibits
dipole-dipole attraction
3. Hydrogen bonding
a. Bonds are associated with
hydrogen and a more
electronegative atom
(oxygen).
4. Ion-Dipole
a. A force between a charge ion
and a molecule. (cation and
anion)
❖ Relationship of organic compounds to:
➢ Boiling point
■ Low boiling points
➢ Melting point
■ Low melting point (10
degrees C)
➢ Solubility
■ Not soluble in water
■ Soluble in ethanol
➢ Acidity
Part II NMAT
 . GASES . 4. Double replacement
❖ Ideal Gas Law concept a. Positive and negative ions of
➢ Ideal gas molecules do not attract or two ionic compounds
repel each other. exchanged places to form
➢ Ideal gas molecules do not take up AB+CD -> AD + CB
volume 5. Combustion
★ PV=nRT a. A substance reacts with
● P: pressure oxygen gas, releasing energy
● V: volume in the form of light and heat
● n: number of moles b. Must involve O2 as one
● R: gas constant reactant
(8.31/0.082) 6. Acid-base
● T: temperature a. A reaction between acid and
base
❖ Gas laws ❖ The fundamental law of chemical reactions
1. Boyle’s Law ➢ Law of conservation of mass
a. States the relationship ■ Mass can not be destroyed
between pressure and nor created
volume at a constant ■ massreactants=massproduct
temperature. s
b. At constant temperature, if ➢ Law of constant proportions
the volume increases the ■ A given compound always
pressure also increases. contains exactly the same
P1V1=P2V2 proportion of elements by
mass
2. Charles’s Law ➢ Law of multiple proportions
a. At constant pressure, the ➢ Law of reciprocal proportions
temperature is directly ❖ Redox reactions
proportional to the volume ❖ Stoichiometry
V1/T1 = V2T2 ➢ Limiting and excess Reagents

3. Avogadro's Law
a. At constant temperature and
pressure, the volume is
directly proportional to the
number of molecules in that
gas.
V1/n1 = V2/n2
4. Gay-Lussac’s Law
a. “Pressure-Temperature Law”
b. A variant of the ideal gas law
c. At fixed volume, the
temperature is directly
proportional to the pressure.
PV=nRT

. CHEMICAL REACTIONS .
❖ Types of Reactions
1. Synthesis
a. Two or more substance
combine to form a new
single substance
A+B -> AB
2. Decomposition
a. A compound breaks down
into two simpler substances
AB -> A+B
3. Single replacement
a. One element replaces a
similar element in a
compound
A+BC -> AC+B

Lanuzo, G Part II NMAT