Topic 1: Elementary Matters

Assessment: Everywhere!
(Topic review quiz, tute test)

Reference: “Chemistry”, Chapters 1-2

(OpenStax)
Relevance: Fundamental to most topics

Image credits: “Chemistry”, OpenStax 1

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Chemistry –

Matter –

Mass –

THREE STATES OF MATTER

Dense, Not as Large

ordered rigid distance b/w
molecules 3

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 SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES

Pure substance – matter with constant composition,

distinct properties

Mixture – 2 or more substances, which retain their

individual identity

ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS

Element – substance that is in its

Compound – atoms of

Chemical means are required to reduce a compound to its constituent elements

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MIXTURES
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Composition same
throughout

Chang & Goldsby, “Chemistry”

Individual components
remain separated
Examples:
Common examples
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2
 Classify each (& explain) as an element, compound or as a homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture

Sea water

Argon gas

Sodium chloride

Bottle of soft drink

Milk

Air

Vegetable soup

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
Measured and observed To observe the property, a
but no change to identity chemical change must be done
or composition Changed to a different form by a
Examples? chemical reaction
Conductivity Examples?
Combustion (burnt in air)
Density
Acid/base reaction
Melting point
Boiling point

Thiele tube
for micro-boiling
points
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Do the following involve a chemical or physical change?

Air leaks out of a balloon

A torch beam goes out

Cordial is reconstituted with H2O

Growth of plants depends on photosynthesis

Salt dissolves in water

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 Extensive vs Intensive
Value depends on how Value is independent
much matter is measured of quantity of matter
Eg: Volume, mass Eg: Density, temperature,
colour, softness

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Scientists & Their Methods

Scientific
systematic approach
method:

gathering data – quantifying (quantitative)

observing - qualitative

hypothesis (tentative explanation)

Law – concise statement Theory – unifies laws

– same observation under and facts underlying them
same conditions, always!

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Classify the following as quantitative or qualitative;

(a) The sun is 149.6 million km from earth

(b) Michael Jordan was better at basketball than Kobe Bryant

(c) Ice is less dense than water

(d) Ice-cream tastes better than cheesecake

(e) A stitch in time saves nine

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 ATOMIC THEORY
All matter is comprised of atoms

Simplest structural unit

Properties characteristic to the
element

Three simple particles make one atom unique from another

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STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Bohr Model - protons - + ve charge neutrons - no charge electrons - -ve charge

In the centre is the nucleus

- contains protons &

neutrons

Most volume is in the electron cloud

We often discuss the inner electrons and the valence, or outer electrons, which are
often responsible for chemical bonding and reactivity.
Most mass is in the nucleus p - 1.672  10-27 kg
n - 1.675  10-27 kg
e - 9.1  10-31 kg 14

CHARACTERISING AN ATOM
(OR ELEMENT)
Use the number of protons (p) and neutrons (n)
contained in the atom

Element

A symbol

Z X
Atomic no. (p)

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 16

CHARACTERISING AN ATOM
(OR ELEMENT)
Use the number of protons (p) and neutrons (n)
contained in the atom

Mass No. (p + n) Element

A symbol

Z X
Atomic no. (p)

Number of neutrons = A-Z

In a neutral atom p = e
17

ISOTOPES
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons

1 2 35 37
1H 1H 17 Cl 17 Cl

1 extra neutron 2 extra neutrons

1 proton 1 proton 17 protons 17 protons

1 electron 1 electron 17 electrons 17 electrons
0 neutrons 1 neutron 18 neutrons 20 neutrons

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6
 Indicate the number of protons, neutrons & electrons in
each of the following species:

15
8 O 41
20Ca 2 

48
22 Ti 35
17 Cl 
Liquid oxygen (boiling)

More practice? Try:

84 202 33 2- 186 5+
38 Sr 80 Hg 16 S 74 W
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THE PERIODIC TABLE

- table to
organise and
group elements
- contains a
lot of
information
on chemical
and
physical
properties

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Some important aspects

Group II - alkaline earth
metals Group VII - halogens
Group I - alkali
metals Group VIII
- noble
gases

Semi-
Transition conductors
metals

Inner
Transition
metals 21

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 ROWS or PERIODS

increasing number of valence electrons

same value of n (stay within same shell)

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GROUPS

Same number of valence electrons

The Roman numeral and letter designations give the electron configuration for the valence
electrons

Elements in the same group often have a similar chemistry 23

Give the chemical symbols for the following elements

Potassium
Chromium
Nickel
Sodium
Plutonium
Sulphur
Argon
Mercury
Titanium

Nickel solutions (LHcheM) Plutonium 24

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 Give the names of the following elements

Cl
Li
Pt
Cl
Mg
P
U Br
Cu
Al
As
Fe
Zn
Br
Si I

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GrrlScientist

What you should be doing now…

• Revise concepts used in the lecture, check your understanding of
the content
• Have a listen to the audio review to jog your memory
• Complete the on-line review quiz within 48 hours
• Start on the tutorial problems in your study guide, mark down any
points that you wish to raise during the tute class

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