MATTER AND ENERGY

CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER
AND CALCULATIONS IN CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION

CHEMISTRY IS THE STUDY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES IT UNDERGOES.

IS ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAS MASS.

 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Matter

A mixture is a A substance is a form

combination of two or of matter that has a
more substances in Separation by definite (constant)
which the substances Mixtures physical methods Substances composition and
retain their distinct distinct
identities. properties.

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Compounds Elements

homogeneous mixture – the
composition of the mixture is
the same throughout.
SeparationAn
A compound is composed of atoms byelement is a substance that
heterogeneous mixture – chemical cannot be separated into simpler
of two or more elements chemically
the composition is not methods substances by chemical means.
united in fixed proportions.
uniform
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
• PHYSICAL PROPERTY CAN BE MEASURED AND OBSERVED WITHOUT CHANGING
THE COMPOSITION OR IDENTITY OF A SUBSTANCE.
EXAMPLES: COLOR, MELTING POINT, AND BOILING POINT.
• CHEMICAL PROPERTY IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A SUBSTANCE THAT IS
OBSERVED DURING A REACTION IN WHICH THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OR
IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE IS CHANGED.
EXAMPLES: FLAMMABILITY, CHEMICAL STABILITY, AND HEAT OF
COMBUSTION.
EXTENSIVE VS. INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

• EXTENSIVE PROPERTY – QUANTITATIVE

EXAMPLES: MASS, LENGTH, AND VOLUME.
• INTENSIVE PROPERTY – QUALITATIVE
EXAMPLES: COLOR, ODOR, TASTE, DENSITY, BOILING POINT, AND MELTING
POINT.
CHEMICAL REACTION

• CHEMICAL REACTION IS A PROCESS IN WHICH A SUBSTANCE (OR SUBSTANCES)

IS CHANGED INTO ONE OR MORE NEW SUBSTANCES.
• A CHEMICAL EQUATION IS A SHORTHAND METHOD OF REPRESENTING CHEMICAL
REACTION USING CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND FORMULAS TO INDICATE THE
REACTANTS AND THE PRODUCTS.
• WE INDICATE THE PHYSICAL STATES OF THE REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS BY
USING THE LETTERS (g) FOR GAS, (l) FOR LIQUID, (s) FOR SOLID, AND (aq) FOR
AQUEOUS.
STEPS IN WRITING EQUATIONS

A. WRITE THE CORRECT FORMULAS OF THE REACTANTS, IF NECESSARY.

B. DECIDE WHAT TYPE OF REACTION IT IS AND THUS WHAT THE PRODUCTS ARE.
C. WRITE THE CORRECT FORMULA (S) FOR THE PRODUCT (S)
D. BALANCE THE EQUATION

Example: methane + oxygen Products: carbon dioxide and water

CH4(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Combustion
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
1. COMBINATION REACTIONS – TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES COMBINE TO FORM
ONE PRODUCT.

2. DECOMPOSITION REACTION– A COMPOUND DECOMPOSED TO FORM TWO OR

MORE SUBSTANCES

3. DISPLACEMENT REACTION– MORE ACTIVE METAL CAN DISPLACE A LESS

ACTIVE METAL, WHILE A LESS ACTIVE ONE CAN’T DISPLACE THE MORE
ACTIVE.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
4. METATHESIS (DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION) – THE POSITIVE IONS
EXCHANGE PARTNERS WITH THE NEGATIVE IONS TO FORM TWO NEW
COMPOUNDS.

5. NEUTRALIZATION REACTION
6. COMBUSTION REACTION – REACTION OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS WITH
OXYGEN.
COMBINATION REACTIONS
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

K
DISPLACEMENT REACTION
METATHESIS (DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
REACTION)

Na2SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  2NaNO3(aq) + PbSO4(aq)

NEUTRALIZATION REACTION
COMBUSTION REACTION
 STEPS FOR SOLVING STOICHIOMETRY
PROBLEMS:
1. WRITE A BALANCED EQUATION FOR THE REACTION.
2. CONVERT THE GIVEN AMOUNT OF THE REACTANT (IN GRAMS OR OTHER UNITS)
TO NUMBER OF MOLES.
3. USE THE MOLE RATIO FROM THE BALANCED EQUATION TO CALCULATE THE
NUMBER OF MOLES OF PRODUCT FORMED.
4. CONVERT THE MOLES OF PRODUCT TO GRAMS (OR OTHER UNITS) OF PRODUCT.
Is it balanced?
2
THANK YOU!
• THIS POWERPOINT MATERIAL IS CONSTRUCTED FROM THE SCI 401 GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE
BY MACALALAD, BAYETA, AND BASILAN; WHICH HAS THE FOLLOWING REFERENCES:

PRACTICE YOUR KNOWLEDGE IN SOLVING STOICHIOMETRIC PROBLEM USING THE FOLLOWING LINK:
• http://web.mst.edu/~gbert/aj2.html?java/stoic1a.htm
• https://teachchemistry.org/classroom-resources/chemical-reactions-stoichiometry-simulation