GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

MS. SARAH S. PARALEJAS

 CHEMISTRY
• It is the science and study of matter, including its
properties, composition as well as reactivity.
 BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
• Organic Chemistry - The study of carbon and its compounds; the study of the chemistry of
life
• Inorganic Chemistry - The study of compounds not covered by organic chemistry; the
study of inorganic compounds, or compounds that don't contain a C-H bond (many inorganic
compounds contain metals)
• Analytical Chemistry - The study of the chemistry of matter and the development of tools to
measure properties of matter
• Physical Chemistry-  The branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry,
which commonly includes the applications of thermodynamics and quantum
mechanics to chemistry
• Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organisms
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY?
• Sometimes called “Gen Chem” or “Basic Chem”
• Typically introduce concepts such as stoichiometry, prediction of
reaction products, thermodynamics, nuclear chemistry,
electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, and many of the rudiments of
physical chemistry.
NATURE AND STATES OF
MATTER
 THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER
• The earliest belief of Greek philosophers was that matter was made up of a single
element.
• Anaximenes (flourished c. 545 BCE)- asserted that this primal element was air
• Thales of Miletus (flourished 6th century BCE) – thought it was water.
• Heraclitus (c. 540-480 BCE) believed it was fire
• Empedocles (c. 490-430 BCE) – proposed that all matter is made up of four
fundamental elements (earth, air, fire and water)
 STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS

How separated are the particles in each states of matter?

How free are the particles to move in each state of matter?
 ADDITIONAL STATES OF MATTER
• Plasma – formed by heating and ionizing
a gas
- made up of groups of negatively &
positively charged particles.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate – produced
when a cloud of bosons
( a type of an elementary particle of matter) is
cooled to temperatures very close to absolute
zero.
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

According to change involved According to dependence on

during measurement of the amount of matter
property
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

According to change involved According to dependence on

Describe theduring measurement
external appearanceof
ofthe
an amount of matter
property by senses)
object (perceived

Physical
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

According to change involved According to dependence on

Characteristics
during measurement of the that can be observed amount of matter
property with an accompanying change in the
chemical composition of a substance

Physical Chemical
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

According to change involved According to dependence on

Depend on the amount of matter
during measurement of the amount of matter
(Such as length, mass, size & volume)
property

Physical Chemical Extensive

 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Depend on type of matter (density,

color, physical state, melting,
According to change involved According to dependence
boiling& on
freezing point)
during measurement of the amount of matter
property

Physical Chemical Extensive Intensive

 MATTER
can be identified to:

Based on the number of components

present

Based on the uniformity of

Based on the number of kinds
composition and properties
of atoms present
 MATTER
can be identified to:

Based on the number of components

present
Pure Substance Mixtures

Based on the uniformity of

Based on the number of kinds
composition and properties
of atoms present
 Pure Substance
• Characterized by an unchanging or
specific composition
• Only one substance present
Mixtures
• Made up of two or more
substance that are only
physically combined and can
be separated into their
components through simple
chemical means.
 MATTER
can be identified to:

Based on the number of components

present
Pure Substance Mixtures

Based on the uniformity of

Based on the number of kinds
composition and properties
of atoms present

Elements Compounds
 PURE SUBSTANCE

Elements Compounds
• Simplest type of matter, • Composed of two or more
composed of only 1 type of elements combined
atom chemically
 MATTER
can be identified to:

Based on the number of components

present
Pure Substance Mixtures

Based on the uniformity of

Based on the number of kinds
composition and properties
of atoms present

Elements Compounds Homogenous Heterogenous


Homogenous
• One visible phase
• Having a uniform
composition and properties
throughout
• Aka solution
MIXTURES
Heterogenous
• Two visible phase
• Not uniform in composition
and properties throughout
 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION
1) Mechanical Separation (often by hand) takes advantage of physical properties such as
color and shape.

Example: Recycling Plastic, Paper, Metal

 METHODS OF MIXTURE
SEPARATION
2) Magnetic Separation takes advantage of the physical property of magnetism.

Example:
Separating Metals in
a Scrap Yard
 METHODS OF MIXTURE
SEPARATION
3) Filtration takes advantage
of the physical property of
the state of matter. A
screen lets the liquid
particles through, but traps
the solid particles.

Example: Filtering Coffee

 METHODS OF MIXTURE
SEPARATION
4) Decantation:
To pour off a liquid, leaving
another liquid or solid
behind. Takes advantage of
differences in density.

Example: To decant a liquid from a precipitate or water from rice.

 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION

5 ) Distillation: The separation of a mixture of

liquids based on the physical property of
boiling point.

Example: the distillation of alcohol or oil

A distillation tower or “still” used in
crude oil refining
 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION

6) Evaporation: Vaporizing
a liquid and leaving the
dissolved solid(s)
behind. Used to separate
salt solutions.

Example: Obtaining sea salt from sea water evaporation ponds

 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION
7) Density Separation:

More dense components

sink to the bottom and
less dense components
float. The components
cannot be soluble within
each other.
 METHODS OF MIXTURE SEPARATION

8) Centrifuge:
Circular motion
helps denser
components sink to
the bottom faster.

Examples: The separation of blood or DNA from blood