[WEEK 1] CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER AND SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

CHEMISTRY
 A mixture is composed of different pure substances that
 is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of
are physically combined in variable proportions.
matter,
o the processes that matter undergoes; and
o the energy changes that accompany these processes PURE SUBSTANCES: ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS
MATTER
PURE SUBSTANCE
 is anything that has mass and occupies space.
 characterized by an unchanging or specific composition.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER ELEMENT
 simplest type of matter that is composed of only one kind
of atom.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 are given specific one-letter or two-letter symbols.
 a characteristic that can be observed and measured
o Are you familiar with the Periodic Table of Elements?
without changing the identity and composition of the
substance. That’s it.
o phase (solid, liquid, gas)  All that are included in the table are elements.
 The periodic table of elements is ordered by
o color
ascending atomic number.
o solubility  The elements are divided into metals, non-metals, and
o density metalloids.
o melting and boiling points METALS
o volatility
 typically found on the left side of the periodic table
o viscosity
 often conductive to electricity malleable shiny sometimes
o conductivity. magnetic
PHYSICAL CHANGE NON-METALS
 takes place without any changes in molecular
 found on the right side of the periodic table
composition.
 typically, non-conductive, not malleable, dull (not shiny),
 The same element or compound is present before and
not magnetic
after the change.
 The same molecule is present throughout the changes. METALLOIDS
 have some characteristics of metals and some
CHEMICAL PROPERTY characteristics of non-metals.
 the ability of a substance to undergo changes to transform o Silicon and arsenic are metalloids.
into a different substance.
FLAMMABILITY MIXTURES: HOMOGENEOUS AND
 the ability of a substance to burn when in contact with HETEROGENEOUS
flame, producing new substance(s).
THE ABILITY OF AN IRON TO FORM RUST HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
 mixture in which the composition throughout is uniform.
 by combining with oxygen in air.
 It consists of a single phase.
CHEMICAL CHANGES o This means that the appearance, properties, and
 result in one or more substances of entirely different composition are uniform throughout a sample.
composition from the original substances.
SOLUTION
 The elements and/or compounds at the start of the
reaction are rearranged into new product.  is a homogeneous mixture.
o An example of a solution is water and salt.
Another way of classifying properties of matter is based on the HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
effect of the amount of matter present. Using this classification,  a mixture whose components are not evenly distributed in
properties are either extensive or intensive. the sample and can thus be physically identified.
o If you’re thinking of halo-halo and chicken macaroni
EXTENSIVE PROPERTY soup (sopas), yes, they are heterogeneous mixtures!
 depends on the amount of matter present.  Just like matter, life is also a mixture. A mixture of
o mass, volume, length, and size our ups and downs, highs and lows, and
INTENSIVE PROPERTY everything that builds or comprises us. What is
 depends on the type of matter. most important is to be reminded that whoever
o density, color, physical state, melting and boiling point we are, and what composes us, we must not lose
our faith to God. Just like what the bible says,
and conductivity.
“Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and lean
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER not
 Matter can be classified as a pure substance or a mixture.

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 onto your own understanding. In all your ways
acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths
straight”- Proverbs 3:5-6
DID YOU KNOW...
 The atmospheric air is composed of  Depth filter
o 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases. o which is a bed of material that traps solid
 Nitrox, the air available in tanks used by scuba divers,
consists of about 68% nitrogen and 32% oxygen.
 The high oxygen content decreases the risk of nitrogen
narcosis
o which is a state of drowsiness associated with
breathing air at high underwater pressure.

SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
 Differences in physical properties can be used to separate
mixtures.
 There are various ways to separate a mixture depending
on the properties of its components.
CRYSTALLIZATION
 a technique used for the purification of substances.
 A separation technique to separate solids from a solution.
o You can use this technique to separate salt from
water in a saltwater solution.
FILTRATION
 a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases
using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through
but not the solid.
 applies whether the filter is mechanical, biological, or
physical.
FILTRATE
 The fluid that passes through the filter
FILTER MEDIUM
 Surface filter
o which is a solid that traps solid particles
GENERAL FILTRATION
 uses gravity to filter a mixture.
 Solid is left on the filter, while the liquid flows below it
COLD FILTRATION
 used to quickly cool a solution
o prompting the formation of small crystals
 a method used when the solid is initially
dissolved
 common method is to place the container with the solution
in an ice bath prior to filtration
HOT FILTRATION
 the solution, filter, and funnel are heated to minimize
crystal formation during filtration
 stemless funnels are useful
o because there is less surface area for crystal growth
o used when crystals would clog the funnel or prevent
crystallization of the second component in a mixture.
DECANTATION
 allows a mixture of solid and liquid or two immiscible
liquids to settle and separate by gravity
o this process can be slow and tedious without the aid
of centrifuge.

SUBLIMATION
 separates a mixture of solids, one of which is sublime.

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WHEN THE MIXTURE OF IODINE CRYSTALS AND
SAND IS HEATED GENERALIZATION
o the iodine crystals will evaporate leaving the sand MATTER
particles on the container.  is anything that
has mass and
volume
EVAPORATION  It exists either as
 used to separate out homogeneous mixtures where there solid, liquid, or
are one or more dissolved solids gas.
 drives off liquid components from the solid components ALL KINDS OF MATTER
 the process typically involves heating the mixture until no
 are composed of atoms.
more liquid remains
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
 effective method to separate mixtures comprised of two or  can either be physical or chemical.
more liquids PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 a purification process where the components of a liquid  can be observed without changing the chemical
mixture are vaporized and then condensed and isolated. composition of the substance.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 are observed with an accompanying change in the
substance’s composition.
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
 depend on the amount of matter
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
 depend on the type of matter.
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER:
 pure substances and mixtures.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION PURE SUBSTANCES ARE FURTHER BROKEN
 process by which components in a chemical mixture are DOWN
separated into different parts (called fractions) according  into elements and compounds.
to their different boiling points MIXTURES
 used to purify chemicals and also to separate mixtures to
 are physically combined structures
obtain their components.
o that can be separated into their original components.
VARIOUS SEPARATION TECHNIQUES EXIST IN
ORDER TO SEPARATE MATTER
 distillation, filtration, sublimation, evaporation, decantation,
and chromatography.

CHROMATOGRAPHY
 the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or
suspension or as a vapor (as in gas chromatography)
o through a medium in which the components move at
different rates;

THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
 a special type of chromatography used for separating and
identifying mixtures that are or can be colored,
o especially pigments

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