CHAPTER 1: MATTER AND

CHANGE
Chemistry 1-2
Mr. Chumbley
As I take attendance, go through
your notebook. Update the Table
of Contents, and number any of
the unused reference pages with
Roman numerals.
SECTION 1: CHEMISTRY IS A
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
EQ: How is chemistry studied and used?
WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
 For most of human history, the natural sciences
were divided into two broad categories:
 Biological Sciences
 Physical Sciences

 However, those divisions began to break down as

knowledge increased

 Chemistry is the study of the composition,

structure, and properties of matter, the processes
that matter undergoes, and the energy changes
that accompany these processes
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
 As the understanding of matter and its processes
increased, different branches of chemistry arose
to better describe specific types of chemicals and
processes

Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry

Physical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry Theoretical Chemistry

 A chemical is any substance that has a definite

composition
CHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS
 Basic chemical research is conducted for the
purpose of expanding knowledge

 Applied chemical research is conducted for the

purpose of solving a specific problem

 Technological development involves the

production and use of products to improve the
quality of life
HOMEWORK!
 Review your notes from today. Use the Cornell
Note-Taking Revision Checklist to go back over
your notes.

 On the Left Side respond to the following

question:
 What is one situation in which chemistry has been
used to solve a problem (big or small) in my life?
SECTION 2: MATTER AND ITS
PROPERTIES
EQ: How can matter be described?
WHAT IS MATTER?
 It is much easier to identify that things are made up
of matter than it is to define matter

 By looking at the same properties for all matter there

are two universal commonalities:
 Things made of matter take up space (have volume)
 Things made of matter have mass

 Mass is a measure of the amount of matter

 Using these universal characteristics we can define

matter

 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

ATOMS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF
MATTER
 While matter exists in many
different forms, the most
fundamental form is the atom

 An atom is the smallest unit

of an element that maintains
the chemical identity of that
element

 An element is a pure
substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler,
stable substances and is
made of one type of atom
ATOMS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF
MATTER
 When atoms of different elements chemically
combine, molecules of a compound are formed

 A compound is a substance that can be broken

down into simple stable substances, but is made
from the atoms of two or more elements that are
chemically bonded

 The smallest unit of a compound is a molecule

HOMEWORK
 Review your notes from today. Use the Cornell
Note-Taking Revision Checklist to go back over
your notes.
As I take attendance, go through
your notebook. Update the Table
of Contents, and number any of
the unused reference pages with
Roman numerals.
SECTION 2: MATTER AND ITS
PROPERTIES
EQ: What characteristic properties of matter can
be identified?
ALL SUBSTANCES HAVE CHARACTERISTIC
PROPERTIES
 The specific characteristics of a substance, either
element or compound, are considered its
properties

 Properties can be used to identify individual

substances, or an entire group of substances

 Properties can be one of two types

 Physical Properties
 Chemical Properties
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Properties of substances are often used as
identifying characteristics

 Physical properties are characteristics that can

be observed or measured without changing the
identity of the substance

 Examples:
mass color shape
density volume texture
boiling point melting point conductivity
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 In any situation where a substance could change
its identity, chemical properties can be observed

 Chemical properties relate to a substances

ability to undergo changes that transform it into
a different substance

 Examples:
chemical
reactivity flammability
stability
toxicity combustibility radioactivity
PHYSICAL CHANGES
 The physical properties of a substance can
change, even if the substance does not

 A physical change is a change in a substance

that does not involve a change in the identity of
the substance

 Examples:
cutting grinding polishing
boiling melting dissolving
STATES OF MATTER
 Matter exists in states of matter that are
physical properties

 When a substance undergoes a change of state,

it is a physical change from one state to another

 While the substance has some new and different

physical properties, the chemical identity has not
changed
STATES OF MATTER
State of Definite Definite  As a substance changes
Matter Shape Volume from solid to liquid to
gas, the atoms or
molecules become less
Solid Yes Yes organized and have
increasing ability to
move away from each
other

Liquid No Yes  A fourth state of matter,

plasma, is a high-
temperature physical
state of matter in which
Gas No No
atoms lose most of their
electrons
CHEMICAL CHANGES
 A chemical change (or chemical reaction) is a
change in which one or more substances are
converted into different substances

 The reactants are the substances that react in a

chemical change

 The products are the substances that are formed

by the chemical change
SIGNS OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Production of an odor

 Change in temperature

 Change in color

 Formation of bubbles (gas)

 Formation of a precipitate (solid)

 Emission of light
ENERGY AND CHANGES IN MATTER
 In both physical and chemical changes, energy is
involved

 Many different types of energy can be involved

 The law of conservation of energy says that

energy can be absorbed or released, but it is
never created nor destroyed
HOMEWORK
 Review your notes from today. Use the Cornell
Note-Taking Revision Checklist to go back over
your notes.
FOLD-IT 4
 Create a Fold-It 4 using the following 4 terms:
 Physical Property
 Chemical Property
 Physical Change
 Chemical Change

 Take out your unfinished Fold-It from Friday.

Complete the last 2 flaps.
SECTION 2: MATTER AND ITS
PROPERTIES
EQ: How can different substances be classified?
MATTER CAN BE A PURE SUBSTANCE OR A
MIXTURE
 The variety of forms in which matter can exist is
enormous

 Two major classifications of matter are whether

or not it is a pure substance or a mixture

 Regardless of whether a sample is a pure

substance or a mixture, it can be described and
classified in terms of its properties
PURE SUBSTANCES
 A pure substance is any form of matter that has
a fixed, or definite, composition

 Pure substances have two defining

characteristics:

 Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly

the same characteristic properties.

 Every sample of a pure substance has exactly the

same composition.
MIXTURES
 A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of
matter each of which retains its own identity and
properties

 Another way of describing a mixture is that the

matter combines physically, but not chemically

 Since mixtures do not have a defined

composition, the amount of different substances
within a sample of a mixture must be specified
MIXTURES
 Mixtures can be described by the uniformity of
their composition

 Homogeneous mixtures (or solutions) are

mixtures that are uniform in composition

 Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that are

not uniform in composition
MIXTURES
 One of the most important characteristics of a
mixture is that it can be physically separated

 Examples of physical separation:

 Filtration
 Vaporization
 Settling
 Centrifuge separation
 Chromatography
LABORATORY CHEMICALS AND PURITY
 Typically, we treat chemicals used in the
laboratory as if they were pure

 Chemicals do have impurity, and depending on

the standards and grade desired or used

 The level of purity is important to know since the

level of impurities can affect results
HOMEWORK
 Review your notes from today. Use the Cornell
Note-Taking Revision Checklist to go back over
your notes.