MEASUREMENT

 comes from the Greek word “metron” which

means “limited proportion” or “measure”.
 technique in which properties of an object are
determined by comparing them to a standard.
Parts of Measurement

1.The Value – numerical portion

2.The unit – a.k.a. dimension
3.Name of substance being measured

1 teaspoon salt
2kg of Rice
ACCURACY AND
PRECISION
 ACCURACY

 It is the closeness of the

experimental value to the true
value
 Compares a measurement to
the true value
 Example: Accuracy

 Who is more accurate when measuring a book that

has a true length of 17.0 cm?
Susan:
17.0 cm, 16.0 cm, 18.0 cm, 15.0 cm

Amy:
15.5 cm, 15.0 cm, 15.2 cm, 15.3 cm
PRECISION
 describes how closely measurements are to each
other and how carefully measurements were made
 It is the closeness of the measurement from one
another

Which set is more precise?

18.2 , 18.4 , 18.35
17.9 , 18.3 , 18.85
16.8 , 17.2 , 19.44
 Accuracy vs. Precision

High Accuracy High Precision

High Precision Low Accuracy
Evaluate whether the following are precise, accurate or
both.

Low Accuracy Low Accuracy High Accuracy

Low Precision High Precision High Precision
 Meniscus
  the curve in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface of the
container

Concave Convex
 ERROR or Uncertainty

 It is a concept that is naturally associated with

measuring because measurement is always a
comparison to a standard
 the difference between a measurement and the true
value of the measurand (the quantity being
measured)
Types of Error

Random Error Systematic Error

 It is not controllable  It is controllable and
 caused by unknown have a known cause
and unpredictable   usually come from the
changes in the measuring instruments
experiment
Scientific Notation

 A simple way to write and keep track of very

large or very small numbers without having
to deal with a lot of zeros.
 It provides a convenient way of recording
results and doing calculations.
 In Chemistry,
 A single gram of hydrogen, for
example, contains approximately
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
hydrogen atoms.
 In scientific notation, a given number is written
as the product of two numbers: a coefficient and
10 raised to a power.

 For example, the number

602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 can be written in
scientific notation as 6.02 x 1023.

 The coefficient in this number is 6.02. The power of

10, or exponent, is 23.
When writing numbers greater than ten in
scientific notation, the exponent is positive and
equals the number of places that the original
decimal point has been moved to the left.

6,300,000. = 6.3 x 106

94,700. = 9.47 x 104

Numbers less than one have a negative exponent
when written in scientific notation. The value of
the exponent equals the number of places the
decimal has been moved to the right.

0.000 008 = 8 x 10–6

0.00736 = 7.36 x 10 –3
 Multiplication

To multiply numbers written in scientific notation, multiply the

coefficients and add the exponents.

(3 x 104) x (2 x 102) = (3 x 2) x 104+2 = 6 x 106

(2.1 x 103) x (4.0 x 10–7) = (2.1 x 4.0) x 103+(–7) = 8.4 x 10–4

 Division
To divide numbers written in scientific notation, divide the
coefficients and subtract the exponent in the denominator
from the exponent in the numerator.

3.0 x 105 3.0

6.0 x 102 ( 6.0 ) x 105–2 = 0.5 x 103 = 5.0 x 102

 Addition and Subtraction

 If you want to add or subtract numbers expressed in

scientific notation and you are not using a calculator,
then the exponents must be the same.
 In other words, the decimal points must be aligned
before you add or subtract the numbers.
 Addition and Subtraction

For example, when adding 5.4 x 103 and 8.0 x

102, first rewrite the second number so that the
exponent is a 3. Then add the numbers.

(5.4 x 103) + (8.0 x 102) = (5.4 x 103) + (0.80 x 103)

= (5.4 + 0.80) x 103
= 6.2 x 103