PRELIMS review

Matter and Its Properties

Matter
Properties of Matter
Classification of Matter
Separation Techniques
Physical Methods of Separating Mixtures
Filtration
Decantation’
Magnets
Evaporation
Sublimation’
Distillation’
Sifting or Sieving
Chromatography
Measurements
Size and Scale
Accuracy and Precision
Scientific Notation
Significant Figures and Rounding Off Numbers
Units of Measurement
Measurements
International and English System
Measurements and Sources of Errors
Atoms, Ions, & Molecules
Matter
The Sub-atomic Particles
Atomic Number & Mass Number
Ions and Molecules
Naming Compounds
Naming Ions // Writing Chemical Formulas

Matter and Its Properties

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 Matter
States of matter refer to the physical forms in which matter can exist. 4 main states
of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

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 Properties of Matter
Properties of matter are characteristics that can be observed or measured.

Examples of properties of matter include color, shape, size, texture, density, and
state.

Physical Properties
Can be observed without changing the composition of a substance
Ex. Phase, color, solubility, density, melting, BP, volatility

Physical changes involve a change in the physical state of matter or its physical
properties, but no new substances are formed.

no formation of a new substance occurs

involving a change in the physical state or properties of the substances

often reversible

may or may not involve energy changes

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 Chemical Properties
Can be observed with an accompanying change in the chemical composition of a
substance

Ex. Flammability, chemical reactivity

Chemical changes involve the formation of new substances with different

chemical properties.

The atoms and molecules of the reactants re-arrange to form new products.

result in the formation of new substances

involve a change in the atomic or molecular structure of the substances

usually irreversible

usually involve the release or absorption of energy

Extensive Properties
It depends on the amount of matter.

Also known as extrinsic properties

ex. volume, mass, size, weight, length

Intensive Properties
It depends on the type of matter (properties, etc.)

Also known as intrinsic properties

ex. boiling point, color, temperature, luster

Classification of Matter
Mixture

Pure Substance

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 Elements
An element is a pure substance made up of only one type of atom.

There are over 100 known elements, each with its own unique properties.

Compounds
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more different elements
that are chemically bonded together.

Examples of compounds include table salt (NaCl) and sugar (C₁₂H22O11).

Mixture
It is composed of two or more substances that are combined, yet can still be
separated into the original parts.

has uniform composition all throughout

has varying composition

Types of mixtures according to particle size:

Solution

homogeneous

particle size: 0.01-1 nm (nanometer)

cannot be separated by filtration

Colloid

heterogeneous

particle size: 1 to 1000 nm

particles do not separate on standing

cannot be separated by filtration

Suspension

heterogeneous

particle size: over 1000 nm particles are large enough to settle

can be separated by filtration

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 Separation Techniques
Physical Methods of Separating Mixtures
Filtration
A solid-liquid mixture is allowed to pass through a filter, trapping the solid in it.

Decantation’
For mixtures of liquid and heavy insoluble solids.

Magnets
Used to remove magnetic solids from the nonmagnetic components.

Evaporation
Homogeneous mixture may be separated by continuously heating the solution,
leaving behind the solid component of a mixture.

Sublimation’
Volatile solids may be separated from non volatile substances.

*solid state directly to gas

Distillation’
Separates miscible liquids of different boiling points

*selective boiling and condensation

Sifting or Sieving
Used to separate a dry mixture which contains substances of different sizes by
passing it through a sieve, a device containing tiny holes.

Chromatography
Method used to separate components of different degrees of solubility using a
moving and stationary fluid.

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 Measurements
Size and Scale
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy - indicates how close a measurement is to the true accepted value
Precision - refers to the closeness of measurements within a set of data

Scientific Notation
Writing Scientific Notations

the decimal point in the original number is moved to the right or left so that
only one nonzero digit is located at the left of the decimal point.

this number is shown as being multiplied by 10 raised to a power that is equal

to the number of places the decimal point was moved

for # larger than 10, the decimal point - to the left, and the exponent -
positive.

# without a decimal point has one decimal point after its last digit.

for # smaller than 1, the decimal point - to the right, and the exponent -
negative.

Mathematical Operations Involving Exponential Numbers

ADDING/SUBTRACTING

1. the exponents must be the same. if they are different, you must move
the decimal so that they will have the same exponent.

2. add/subtract the numbers, and the exponent is retained

MULTIPLYING

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 numbers are multiplied

exponents are added

DIVIDING

numbers are divided

exponents are subtracted

Significant Figures and Rounding Off Numbers

Significant Figures → non-place-holding digits in a measurement which represent
the precision of a measured quantity

Determining Significant Figures

significant or
definition example
no

every nonzero digit in a reported

measurement
✅ 489 mi

leftmost zeros before the first zero digit ❎ 0.005 g

zeros in between nonzero digits ✅ 307 km

zeros to the right of a nonzero digit and to the

right of the decimal point
✅ 20.0 L 1.050 kg

zero at the rightmost end but is before an

understood decimal point
❎ 500 pesos → 500.00
pesos

Mathematical Operations

ADDITION/SUBTRACTION

decimal place for the answer = number of the one with the least decimal
place

MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION

significant figures in the answer = number of the one with the least
significant digits

Units of Measurement

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 Measurements
By themselves, numbers have little meaning.

International and English System

International System of Units (SI Units)

evolved from the metric system, provides additional and more accurate units
of measurement

set of standard units agreed on by scientists throughout the world

English System

widely used in the US

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 Changing Units of Measurements

read and study the problem to determine what is to be solved for

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 identify and tabulate(order) the data given in the problem

determine the unit relationships and conversion factors needed to solve the
problem

set up the solution/equation neatly and logically, making sure that unwanted
units cancel

perform the necessary mathematical operations and check if the answer is

reasonable

Measurements and Sources of Errors

Atoms, Ions, & Molecules

Matter
Atomic Theory
Atom and Its Structure
Molecule and Its Structure

The Sub-atomic Particles

Atomic Number & Mass Number

Isotopes

Ions and Molecules

Ions

Monatomic Ions - element with one atom

Diatomic Ions - two atoms, same element; atoms of 2 different elements

Polyatomic Ions - same element with 3 or more atoms

e.g. O, O2, O3
Isotopes - same element, same amount of protons, but different amounts of
neutrons

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 Systematic Naming Methods
Classical Method - suffixes after foreign name; -ous for lower charge; -ic for
higher charge
Stock Method - roman numeral; after English name of a metal; to indicate its
charge

Rules for Naming Ions

Naming Compounds
Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Writing the Chemical Formula of Ionic Compounds

Naming Hydrated Salts

Naming Acids
Covalent Compounds

Naming Covalent Compounds

Naming Ions // Writing Chemical Formulas

things to remember:

1. IONS - electrically charged partices

2. if they are ionic(metal) or covalent(nonmetal)

3. charge of ion (placement/group in the periodic table) // if they gain/lose, they are
positively/negatively charged.

4. names for: metals - do not change;

nonmetals change (root of the element’s name + ide + name of ion)

5. do not include/write the one

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 a. Polyatomic Ions - ions formed after elements sharing electrons (fixed)

b. Ionic Compounds (metals)

FORMULA → NAME
step 1: write the name of the metal ion

step 2: write the name of the nonmetal ion with its changes
NAME → FORMULA
step 1: write the symbols both ions
step 2: determine the charge for each ion using the periodic table
step 3: use the crisscross method with the charges

mix up with the names:

N⁻³ NO₃⁻
S⁻² SO₃⁻²
P⁻³ PO₄⁻³

-ide -ate/-ite

Nitride Nitrate
- determined by its charge - polyatomic ion
- from the periodic table - involving sulfur and oxygen

- -2 charge // gained two electrons - oxygen has 3 atoms

Transition Metals
- their charge is written inside a parenthesis unrelated note: I-II = -ous;
III or more = -ic

c. Binary Covalent Compounds

FORMULA → NAME
step 1: write the name of the first nonmetal

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 step 2: write the name of the second nonmetal with its changes (-ide)

step 3: add the prefixes how many of each element are present
rules:

1. prefixes are ONLY for Binary Covalent compounds

NAME → FORMULA

d. Naming Hydrated Salts

same procedure we apply to binary ionic compound

+
prefix + hydrate

e. Naming Acids

compounds that produce H+ when dissolved in water

binary acid and oxoacid

binary in (aq) form = hydro- and -ic + acid

oxoacid or ternary acid forms from a polyatomic ion

suffixes -ite to -ous and -ate to -ic + acid

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