CHEMISTRY L1 : Properties of Matter

Quantitative if the data can be described by numbers. Qualitative if it does not

require explicit measurements.
Density = Mass / Volume

Physical States of Matter

those that can be observed or measured without changing the substance
into another substance
made up of extremely small particles.
can easily be obtained using your senses.
Intrinsic Property
-the physical property that does not depend on the amount of sample
being examined.
-density, boiling point
Extrinsic Property
-the physical property that depend on the amount of matter present
-mass and volume
Boiling Point - the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is
equal to the external pressure
Density - the ratio between the mass of an object and its volume.
Viscosity - measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow
Volume - the quantity of three-dimensional space occupied by matter
Weight - the mass of an object acted upon by gravity
Temperature - measure of the average amount kinetic energy in a system
Mass - measure of the amount of matter in an object
Melting point - temperature at which solid changes into liquid

Chemical Properties of Matter

characteristics a substance shows as it changes into or interacts with
another substance (or substances)
corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, and toxicity

Physical Change - only the physical properties are altered, not the composition of
the substance
Chemical Change - substances react with other substance to form new substances
thus changing their original identities
 CHEMISTRY L2 : Methods of Separating Mixtures

Mixture - the physical combination of two or more kinds of atoms or molecules in

variable proportions. Mixture can only be separated via physical means, thus the
chemical identities of the components of the original mixture remain the same.

Techniques in Separating Mixtures

Filtration
● method of separating mixtures based on differences in particle size
● used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid, which flows through the tiny holes in
filter paper as the solid is retained.
● Filtrate - the material the passes through the filter paper
● Residue - the trapped material

Decantation
● method used to separate a mixture of solid and liquid or a mixture of two immiscible
liquids.

Using separatory Funnel

● method used to separate a
● mixture of two immiscible liquids.

Centrifugation
● method used to separate components of a mixture with different densities using
centrifugal force (through spinning).
● denser particles move outward while less dense particles are displaced at the center.

Evaporation
● used to separate the non- volatile solid from a volatile liquid or to retrieve a dissolved
solid in a liquid.

Crystallization
● method done by cooling or evaporating the mixture so that the dissolved particles
solidify into highly organized structures or crystals.

Simple Distillation
● method used to separate components of a mixture with differences in boiling point or
volatility.
Fractional Distillation
● used to separate the components of a mixture of two miscible liquids with boiling point
difference of less than 400C.
● repeated distillation is done

Magnetic Separation
● method used to separate the magnetic component of the mixture using a strong
magnet.

Sublimation
● technique used to separate the components of a solid-solid mixture, one of which
sublimes when heated.

Sieving
● used to separate components of a solid-solid mixture with different sizes of particles.

Chromatography
● used to separate constituents of a solution by allowing a solvent to flow through a
stationary phase and carry the components of the mixture with it.
● Mobile Phase - carries the components of a mixture through a long stationary phase.
● Stationary Phase - is the medium that is designed to separate these components by
allowing them to travel at different rates.

CHEMISTRY L3 : Methods of Separating Mixtures

● Elements are pure substances which are composed of only one kind of atom, thus they
cannot be split into simpler substances by any simple chemical of physical method.
Elements may either be atomic elements or molecular elements.
● Atomic elements are those that naturally exist with single atoms as their basic units.
Most elements fall in this category.
● Molecular elements naturally exist as diatomic molecules - with two atoms of the same
element bonded together – as their basic units.
● Compounds are chemical substances made of two or more kinds of elements that are
chemically joined in fixed proportions

Two Basic Types of Compounds

1. Molecular Compounds
● from two or more nonmetals that are held together by a covalent bond
● the basic unit of molecular compounds are called molecules.
 2. Ionic Compounds
● contain ions held together by an ionic bond.
● The basic unit of ionic compounds are called formula units.
● Ions are charged particles, either a cation (positively charged ion) or an anion
(negatively charged ion).

Chemical Formula
- the combination of element symbols that constitute a molecule or formula unit of a
compound.
- normally list the most metallic elements first
Molecular Formula
- shows the exact number of atoms of the elements present in a compound.
Empirical Formula
- shows the simplest form of the atomic ratio in a chemical compound.
Ball-and-stick model
- represent atoms as balls and bonds as sticks.
- shows the geometric arrangement of atomic sizes not to scale. The angles between the
bonds are accurate.
Space-filling model
- uses spheres to represent the atoms in a molecule.
- depicts the atoms of a compound using spheres that are joined together, approximating the
proportionate sizes of the atoms.

CHEMISTRY L4: Substances We Use

Consumer Products
● refer to any merchandise or other item of common or daily use, ordinarily bought by
individuals or households for personal consumption

A. Product Safety
- attribute of the product to be safe for its intended use.
B. Product Quality
- group of features and characteristics of a saleable good that determine its desirability.
- Quality: determined by the extent to which a product or service successfully serves
the purpose during usage
- taste, shape, size, capacity, portability
C. Cost
 - the monetary value that has to be paid or the amount of money a customer is willing
to pay in order to get or buy a product.
D. Active Ingredient
- the substance in a product that causes the product’s intended result or purpose.