Science

Laboratory apparatus:
Watch Glass- it is used to observe specimen
Evaporating dish- used for the evaporation of liquids and solutions to produce a solid substance or
concentrated solution.
Graduated cylinder- measuring the volumes of liquid.
Medicine dropper- to transfer small quantities of liquids
Funnel- used to channel liquid of fine-grained substances into container with small opening.
Alcohol lamp- source of heat
Magnifying glass- to see specimen with a large view.
Crucible- to heat materials with extreme temperature.
Filter paper- separation of solid particles from liquid or gases.
Reagent bottle- to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored cabinets or
shelves.
Beaker- to hold liquid or solid samples or as a container for reactions.
Tongs- helps users grab onto foods to life, flip, toss, or serve without hand contact.
Thermometer- ab insturment that measures temperature.
Spatula- for scooping.
Stiring Rod- stir.
Spring balance- an instrument consisting of a hook attached to the end of a spring, used for weighing
objects.
Test tube brush- cleaning test tubes and other lab were including tubing.
Clamp holder- to secure laboratory clamps, such as extension-type utility clamps, or other attachments to
a retort stand or lab frame.
Iron ring- supporting apparatus above the work surface.
Glass plate- observe specimen.
Cork- to stop test tubes and flasks.
Boiling flask- heating and boiling of liquids.
Erlenmeyer larger flask- used to contain liquids and for mixing, heating, cooling, incubation, filtration,
storage, and other liquid-handling process.
Test tube holder- to hold test tubes.
Test tube- to hold mic, or heat small quantities of solid or liquid chemicals, especially for qualitative
experients and assays.
Test tube rack- to hold multiples tests tubes upright at the same time.
Tripod- used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object.
Spring scale- measures weight or force when an object is hung from its hook.
Triple beam balance- to measure the mass of various objects.

Matter
What is matter?
- Matter is everything around you, rocks, pen, water, even ourselves are made of matter.
Definition of Matter
- Matter is defined as everything that has weight, takes up space or has value.
Weight- How light or heavy it is.
Volume- is the amount of space something occupies.
Example: Ball- Small volume, Sun- Large volume/larger space to fill In
Matter Comes in different states
Three most common states are known as “Solid, Liquid, Gas”
Solid- keep their own shape and do not flow in a give temperature
Liquid- They flow, fill up containers you put them in + water has weight
Gas- Cannot be seen easily, but its there all the time.
Mass- amount of matter inside of something.
Properties of Matter
Physical Properties- A characteristics of substance that can be observed w/o changing the composition.
Chemical Properties- Any ability to produce or change in the composition of matter.

Homogenous and Heterogenous

Homogenous- it's a liquid that's whole like pretend water, you can't see the mixing of substances like it's
WHOLE liquid without particles being seen. Homogenous are also referred to as a solution.
Solution- consists of a dissolving medium called the solvent, where a substance called the solute is
dissolved.
Solute- the component that is being dissolved.
Solvent- dissolving medium.
heterogeneous- you can see the particles or the division of liquids, like water and oil or like cereal.

Separating the components of mixture

Decantation- is the process of separation of liquid from solid and other immiscible (non-mixing) liquids,
by removing the liquid layer at the top from the layer of solid or liquid below. The process can be carried
out by tilting the mixture after pouring out the top layer.

Example: Oil and water

Mechanical Separation- to separate a material by a mechanical method such as removal of screws,

cutting, grinding or crushing. For example, a covered electrical cable can be mechanically separated into
an electrical cable and a cover.
Example: Hand Picking, Magnet
Filtration- uses a porous medium that retains the solid substance but allows the fluid to penetrate through
it. It is the process of removing insoluble substances from the solution.
Example: Filter paper
Evaporation- can be used as a separation method to separate components of a mixture with a dissolved
solid in a liquid. The liquid is evaporated, meaning it is convert from its liquid state to gaseous state. This
often requires heat. Once the liquid is completely evaporated, the solid is all that is left behind.
Example: Clothes drying on a line
Distillation- is a separation technique that is used to extract a mixture solid in a liquid. It is basically the
process of heating the liquid to form vapours, and then condensing the vapours in order to get back the
liquid. The liquid that is obtained by performing the condensation of vapour is called the distillate.
Example: purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, and making liquefied gases from air.
Paper Chromatography- is a technique used for the separation of compounds based on the differential
solubility in the stationary phase and mobile phase (solvent). In the amino acid separation by paper
chromatography, the solvent travel across the paper, it carries the amino acids with it.
Example: separating a colored ink or colored chocolates/candies.
Centrifugation- is a method of separating molecules having different densities by spinning them in
solution around an axis (in a centrifuge rotor) at high speed. It is one of the most useful and frequently
employed techniques in the molecular biology laboratory.
Example: DNA separation, Blood tests.

Solutions
Supersaturated solution- a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is
capable of being dissolved at a given temperature.
Unsaturated solution- a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of
being dissolved.
Saturated solution- a solution that has dissolved as much solute as it is capable of dissolving.

Physical Changes
Physical Change- a characteristics of
substance that can be observe w/o changing
the composition.
Chemical Change- Any ability to produce or
change in the composition of matter.