refers to an element or a

compound that has no component of another

compound or element. Pure substances are made of
only one type of atom or molecule. Hydrogen gas and
pure iron are examples of pure substances. Hydrogen
consists of hydrogen atoms only while iron consists of
only iron atoms. Mixing two pure substances results in a
mixture.

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 is a physical combination of two or more
substances that are mixed but not chemically combined.

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 -a mixture that is uniform
throughout, meaning that one part of it has the
same distribution of ingredients as another
part.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/states-of-matter-and-methods-of-separating-mixtures.html
 - is a mixture that is not
uniform throughout, meaning that there is an
unequal distribution of the ingredients of the
mixture.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/states-of-matter-and-methods-of-separating-mixtures.html
The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile
phase, which carries it through a structure holding
another material called the stationary phase.
The various constituents of the mixture travel at different
speeds, causing them to separate. The separation is
based on differential partitioning between the mobile
and stationary phases.
The purpose of preparative chromatography is to
separate the components of a mixture for later use,
and is thus a form of purification.

Analytical chromatography is done normally with

smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the
presence or measuring the relative proportions of
analytes in a mixture.
 It is the technique which involves the application
of centrifugal force to separate particles from a
solution according to their size, shape, density,
viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
It is used to separate two miscible substances, but
also to analyze the hydrodynamic properties of
macromolecules.
Also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a
method to separate compounds or metal complexes,
based on their relative solubility's in two different
immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic
solvent (non-polar).
A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus
invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. It was
originally designed for the extraction of a lipid from a
solid material. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used
when the desired compound has a limited solubility
in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that
solvent.
1.Stirrer bar
2. Still pot (the still pot should not be
overfilled and the volume of solvent in
the still pot should be 3 to 4 times the
volume of the Soxhlet chamber)
3. Distillation path
4. Thimble
5. Solid
6. Siphon top
7. Siphon exit
8. Expansion adapter
9. Condenser
10. Cooling water out
11. Cooling water in
It is the process of separating the components or substances from a
liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.

Distillation may result in essentially complete separation

(nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation
that increases the concentration of selected components in
the mixture
 •The distillation of fermented products produces distilled
beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates other
fermentation products of commercial value.

•Distillation is an effective and traditional method

of desalination.
•In the petroleum industry, oil stabilization is a form of partial
distillation that reduces the vapor pressure of crude oil, thereby
making it safe for storage and transport as well as reducing the
atmospheric emissions of volatile hydrocarbons. In midstream
operations at oil refineries, fractional distillation is a major class
of operation for transforming crude oil into fuels and
chemical feed stocks.
• Cryogenic distillation leads to the separation of air into its
components – notably oxygen, nitrogen, and argon –
for industrial use.

•In the chemical industry, large amounts of crude liquid

products of chemical synthesis are distilled to separate
them, either from other products, from impurities, or from
unreact starting materials.

An installation used for distillation, especially of distilled

beverages, is a distillery. The distillation equipment itself is
a still.
Decantation
Filtration
Evaporation
Adsorption
It is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids
or of a liquid and a solid mixture such as a suspension. The layer
closer to the top of the container—the less dense of the two
liquids, or the liquid from which the precipitate or sediment has
settled out—is poured off, leaving the other component or the
more dense liquid of the mixture behind.
It is a physical, biological or chemical operation that separates
solid matter and fluid from a mixture with a filter medium that
has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass.
Solid particles that cannot pass through the filter medium are
described as oversize and the fluid that passes through is called
the filtrate.
 It is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a
liquid as it changes into the gas phase.
is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or
dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of
the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. This process differs
from absorption, in which a fluid (the absorbate) is dissolved by
or permeates a liquid or solid (the absorbent),
respectively. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon, while
absorption involves the whole volume of the material; although
adsorption often precedes absorption. The
term sorption encompasses both processes, while desorption is
the reverse of it.