Chemical Engineering

Task ( 20 Desember 2019)

Oleh :
Nama : Fia Ananda Amatullah
NIM: 190403150
Jurusan : Teknik Industri

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2019/2020
 Unit Operasi

Dalam teknik kimia dan bidang-bidang terkait, unit operasi adalah suatu tahapan dasar
dalam suatu proses. Unit operasi tidak hanya mengubah suatu zat seperti reaksi di dalam
reaktor kimia namun juga terjadi perubahan fisik maupun fasa seperti pemisahan, kristalisasi,
penguapan, filtrasi dan beberapa contoh lainnya. Sebagai contoh dalam pemrosesan susu,
homogenisasi, pasteurisasi, pendinginan, dan pengemasan, masing-masing merupakan suatu
unit operasi yang berhubungan untuk menghasilkan keseluruhan proses. Suatu proses dapat
terdiri dari banyak unit operasi untuk mendapatkan produk yang diinginkan. Contoh contoh
unit operasi.

1. Distillation

Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a

liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in
essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation
that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In either case, the
process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture's components.
In industrial chemistry, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance, but
it is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction.
Distillation has many applications. For example:
 Distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a
high alcohol content or separates out other fermentation products of commercial
value.
 Distillation is an effective and traditional method of desalination.
 In the fossil fuel industry, oil stabilization is a form of partial distillation that reduces
vapor pressure of crude oil, thereby making it safe for storage and transport as well as
reducing the atmospheric emissions of volatile hydrocarbons. In midstream operations
at oil refineries, distillation is a major class of operation for transforming crude
oil into fuels and chemical feed stocks. Refining oil involves taking a raw material
like crude oil and distilling or purifying it into usable fractions and products like
gasoline, kerosene, and even plastics. This is done by heating the crude oil and
discharging the resulting liquids and vapors into towers. Inside the towers, the liquids
separate according to their weight and boiling point. When crude oil is fractionally
distilled you can observe the different fuels and raw materials produced at different
heights in the distillation tower. Small molecules that have low boiling points, are
very volatile, flow easily, and ignite easily rise to the top of the tower like gases and
gasoline. Larger molecules with high boiling points that are not very volatile and do
not flow or ignite very easily fall to the bottom of the tower including fuel and diesel
oils as well as petroleum. Products like kerosene and naphtha stay around the middle.
 Cryogenic distillation leads to the separation of air into its components –
notably oxygen, nitrogen, and argon – for industrial use.
 In the field of industrial chemistry, large amounts of crude liquid products of chemical
synthesis are distilled to separate them, either from other products, from impurities, or
from unreacted starting materials.
An installation used for distillation, especially of distilled beverages, is known as distillery.
The distillation equipment at a distillery is a still.
Ada 4 jenis distilasi yang akan dibahas disini, yaitu distilasi sederhana, distilasi fraksionasi,
distilasi uap, dan distilasi vakum. Selain itu ada pula distilasi ekstraktif dan distilasi
azeotropik homogen, distilasi dengan menggunakan garam berion, distilasi pressure-swing,
serta distilasi reaktif.
a. Distilasi sederhana
Pada distilasi sederhana, dasar pemisahannya adalah perbedaan titik didih yang jauh atau
dengan salah satu komponen bersifat volatil Jika campuran dipanaskan maka komponen yang
titik didihnya lebih rendah akan menguap lebih dulu. Selain perbedaan titik didih, juga
perbedaan kevolatilan, yaitu kecenderungan sebuah substansi untuk menjadi gas. Distilasi ini
dilakukan pada tekanan atmosfer. Aplikasi distilasi sederhana digunakan untuk memisahkan
campuran air dan alkohol.
b. Distilasi fraksionisasi
Fungsi distilasi fraksionasi adalah memisahkan komponen-komponen cair, dua atau lebih,
dari suatu larutan berdasarkan perbedaan titik didihnya. Distilasi ini juga dapat digunakan
untuk campuran dengan perbedaan titik didih kurang dari 20 °C dan bekerja pada tekanan
atmosfer atau dengan tekanan rendah. Aplikasi dari distilasi jenis ini digunakan pada
industri minyak mentah, untuk memisahkan komponen-komponen dalam minyak mentah
Perbedaan distilasi fraksionasi dan distilasi sederhana adalah adanya kolom fraksionasi. Di
kolom ini terjadi pemanasan secara bertahap dengan suhu yang berbeda-beda pada setiap
platnya. Pemanasan yang berbeda-beda ini bertujuan untuk pemurnian distilat yang lebih dari
plat-plat di bawahnya. Semakin ke atas, semakin tidak volatil cairannya.
c. Distilasi uap

Distilasi uap digunakan pada campuran senyawa-senyawa yang memiliki titik didih mencapai
200 °C atau lebih. Distilasi uap dapat menguapkan senyawa-senyawa ini dengan suhu
mendekati 100 °C dalam tekanan atmosfer dengan menggunakan uap atau air mendidih. Sifat
yang fundamental dari distilasi uap adalah dapat mendistilasi campuran senyawa di bawah
titik didih dari masing-masing senyawa campurannya. Selain itu distilasi uap dapat digunakan
untuk campuran yang tidak larut dalam air di semua temperatur, tetapi dapat didistilasi
dengan air. Aplikasi dari distilasi uap adalah untuk mengekstrak beberapa produk alam
seperti minyak eukaliptus dari eukaliptus, minyak sitrus dari lemon atau jeruk, dan untuk
ekstraksi minyak parfum dari tumbuhan.
Campuran dipanaskan melalui uap air yang dialirkan ke dalam campuran dan mungkin
ditambah juga dengan pemanasan. Uap dari campuran akan naik ke atas menuju
ke kondensor dan akhirnya masuk ke labu distilat.
d. Distilasi vakum
Distilasi vakum biasanya digunakan jika senyawa yang ingin didistilasi tidak stabil, dengan
pengertian dapat terdekomposisi sebelum atau mendekati titik didihnya atau campuran yang
memiliki titik didih di atas 150 °C. Metode distilasi ini tidak dapat digunakan pada pelarut
dengan titik didih yang rendah jika kondensornya menggunakan air dingin, karena komponen
yang menguap tidak dapat dikondensasi oleh air. Untuk mengurangi tekanan digunakan
pompa vakum atau aspirator.[11] Aspirator berfungsi sebagai penurun tekanan pada sistem
distilasi ini.
 2. Ekstraksi
Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting in the separation of a substance
from a matrix. Common examples include liquid-liquid extraction, and solid phase extraction.
The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by
partition theory. This is based on exactly how the analyte moves from the initial solvent into
the extracting solvent. The term washing may also be used to refer to an extraction in which
impurities are extracted from the solvent containing the desired compound.

Type of extraction
a. Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction and partitioning,
is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their
relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an
organic solvent (non-polar). There is a net transfer of one or more species from one
liquid into another liquid phase, generally from aqueous to organic. The transfer is
driven by chemical potential, i.e. once the transfer is complete, the overall system of
chemical components that make up the solutes and the solvents are in a more stable
configuration (lower free energy). The solvent that is enriched in solute(s) is called
extract. The feed solution that is depleted in solute(s) is called the raffinate. LLE is a
basic technique in chemical laboratories, where it is performed using a variety of
apparatus, from separatory funnels to countercurrent distribution equipment called as
mixer settlers. This type of process is commonly performed after a chemical reaction
as part of the work-up, often including an acidic work-up.
b. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is an extractive technique by which compounds that
are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated from other compounds in
the mixture according to their physical and chemical properties. Analytical
laboratories use solid phase extraction to concentrate and purify samples for analysis.
Solid phase extraction can be used to isolate analytes of interest from a wide variety
of matrices, including urine, blood, water, beverages, soil, and animal tissue.
c. Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential liquid–liquid extractions to
purify acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties. Acid-base
extraction is routinely performed during the work-up after chemical syntheses and for
the isolation of compounds and natural products like alkaloids from crude extracts.
The product is largely free of neutral and acidic or basic impurities. It is not possible
to separate chemically similar acids or bases using this simple method.
d. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component (the
extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the
extracting solvent. Extraction is usually from a solid matrix, but can also be
 from liquids. SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, or
on a larger scale to either strip unwanted material from a product (e.g. decaffeination)
or collect a desired product (e.g. essential oils). These essential oils can include
limonene and other straight solvents. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used
supercritical fluid, sometimes modified by co-solvents such as ethanol or methanol.
Extraction conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide are above the critical
temperature of 31 °C and critical pressure of 74 bar. Addition of modifiers may
slightly alter this. The discussion below will mainly refer to extraction with CO2,
except where specified.

Laboratory applications and example

Liquid-liquid extractions in the laboratory usually make use of a separatory funnel, where
two immiscible phases are combined to separate a solute from one phase into the other,
according to the relative solubility in each of the phases. Typically, this will be to extract
organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and into an organic phase, but may also include
extracting water-soluble impurities from an organic phase into an aqueous phase.
Common extractants may be arranged in increasing order of polarity according to
the Hildebrand solubility parameter:
ethyl acetate < acetone < ethanol < methanol < acetone:water (7:3) < ethanol:water (8:2) <
methanol:water (8:2) < water
Solid-liquid extractions at laboratory scales can use Soxhlet extractors. A solid sample
containing the desired compound along with impurities is placed in the thimble. An
extracting solvent is chosen in which the impurities are insoluble and the desired compound
has at least limited solubility. The solvent is refluxed and condensed solvent falls into the
thimble and dissolves the desired compound which then passes back through the filter into
the flask. After extraction is complete the solvent can be removed and the desired product
collected.

Everyday applications and example

Boiling tea leaves in water extracts the tannins, theobromine, and caffeine out of the leaves
and into the water, as an example of a solid-liquid extraction.
Decaffeination of tea and coffee is also an example of an extraction, where the caffeine
molecules are removed from the tea leaves or coffee beans, often utilising supercritical fluid
extraction with CO2 or standard solid-liquid extraction techniques.

Hukum Distribusi atau partisi

Dengan Hukum Distribusi dapat diketahui bahwa zat tertentu lebih mudah larut dalam
pelarut-pelarut tertentu. Contohnya bila banyaknya iod diubah-ubah, angka banding
konsentrasi-konsentrasi itu selalu konstan dengana syarat temperaturnya konstan.
konsentrasi Iod dalam Karbon disulfida / konsentrasi iod dalam air = C2/C1 = Kd
Kd= dikenal dengan koefisien distribusi atau partisi. Hukum distribusi atau partisi dapat
dirumuskan: bila suatu zat terlarut terdistribusi antara dua pelarut yang tidak dapat campur,
maka suatu temperatur yang konstan untuk tiap spesi molekul terdapat angka banding
berubah dengan sifat dasar kedua pelarut itu. angaka banding distribusi ini tidak tergantung
pada spesi molekul lain apapun yang mungkin ada. Harga angka banding berubah dengan
sifat dasar kedua pelarut, sifat dasar zat terlarut, dan temperature.
Penerapan ekstraksi pelarut dalam analisis kualitatif.

1. Mengeluarkan brom dari iod dari dalam larutan air, bila larutan iod dalam air dikocok
dengan karbon disulfida yang terjadi kira-kira 400 kali konsentrasi dalam air.
2. Berbagai uji dalam analisis kualitatif (i) kromium pentoksida lebih dapat larut dalam
amil alkohol(eter) daripada dalam air, dengan mengocok larutan encer dalam air
dengan amil alkohol(eter). Diperoleh suatau larutan pekat dengan amil alkohol dan
adanya kromat atau hidrogen peoksida yang dinyatakan oleh warna biru.
3. Studi hidrolisis, terdapat kesetimbangan antara garam, hidrolisis dapar ditulis sebagai
garam + air ←→ asam + basa. konsentrasi dapat ditentukan dengan cara distribusi
antara air dan pelarut lain, seperti benzena atau klorofrom.
4. Penentuan susunan ion Halida yang kompleks, iod jauh lebih dapat larut dalam
Kallium iodida dalam air. hal ini disebabkan oleh terbentuknya ion tri iodida
Pengukuran distribusi juga telah dilakukan untuk membuktikan adanya ion tetraaminokuprat
(II), dalam suatu larutan air beramoniak dari tembaga sulfida, dengan diperiksannya perisi
amonia bebas antara klorofrom dan air

3. Dekantansi
Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid
and a solid mixture such as a suspension.[1] The layer closer to the top of the container—the
less dense of the two liquids, or the liquid from which the precipitate or sediment has settled
out—is poured off, leaving the other component or the more dense liquid of the mixture
behind. An incomplete separation is witnessed during the separation of two immiscible
liquids.

 Process

Immiscible liquid separation

Decantation can be used to separate immiscible liquids that have different densities. For
example, when a mixture of water and oil is present in a beaker, a distinct layer between the
two consistency is formed, with the oil layer floating on top of the water layer. This
separation can be done by pouring oil out of the container, leaving water behind. [2] Generally,
this technique gives an incomplete separation as it is difficult to pour off all of the top layer
without pouring out some parts of the bottom layer.
A separatory funnel is an alternative apparatus for separating liquid layers.[2] It has a valve at
the bottom to allow draining off the bottom layer. It can give a better separation between the
two liquids.
Liquid-solid separation
Decantation can also separate solid and liquid mixtures by allowing gravity to pull the solid
fragments to settle at the bottom of the container.[3] In laboratory situations, decantation of
mixtures containing solids and liquids occur in test tubes. To enhance productivity, test tubes
should be placed at a 45° angle to allow sediments to settle at the bottom of the apparatus.[4]
A centrifuge may also be used in decantation as the natural process of settling down is time-
consuming and tedious.[1] A centrifuge forces the precipitate to the bottom of the container; if
the force is high enough, solids can aggregate to form pellets, making it easier to separate the
mixtures.[3] Then the liquid can be more easily poured away, as the precipitate will tend to
remain in its compressed form.
A decanter centrifuge may be used for continuous solid-liquid separation.
 Examples

Decantation is frequently used to purify a liquid by separating it from a suspension

of insoluble particles (e.g. in red wine, where the wine is decanted from the potassium
bitartrate crystals to avoid unsavory taste). This makes the wine more tonic and astringent.
Cream accelerates to the top of milk, allowing the separation of milk and cream. This is used
in the cheese industry.[6] Fat is determined in butter by decantation.
To obtain a sample of clear water from muddy water, muddy water is poured into another
container, which separates the water from the mud.
In the sugar industry, the processing of sugar beets into granular sugar and many liquid -
solid separations are encountered e.g. separation of syrups from crystals.
Decantation is also present in nanotechnology. In the synthesis of high quality silver
nanowire (AgNW) solutions and fabrication process of high performance electrodes,
decantation is also being applied which greatly simplifies the purification process.
After using a desiccant to absorb water from an organic liquid, the organic liquid can often be
decanted away from the desiccant.
The process of deriving vinegar also requires decantation to remove fats and biomolecular
antioxidants from the raw substance.
Plasma can be separated from blood through decantation by using a centrifuge.
Mercury is disposed of in water bodies during mining, turning the water unfit and toxic.

4. Absorpsi

Dalam ilmu kimia, absorpsi adalah fenomena fisika atau kimia atau suatu proses di
mana atom, molekul atau ion memasuki fase ruah – bahan cair atau padat. Absorpsi berbeda
dengan adsorpsi, karena molekul-molekul yang mengalami absorpsi memasuki volume, tidak
hanya di permukaan saja (seperti yang terjadi pada adsorpsi). Istilah yang lebih umum
adalah serapan (bahasa Inggris: sorption), yang meliputi absorpsi, adsorpsi, dan pertukaran
ion. Absorpsi adalah suatu kondisi di mana sesuatu memasuki zat lain.
Dalam banyak proses teknologi penting, absorpsi kimia digunakan untuk proses fisika,
misalnya absorpsi karbon dioksida oleh natrium hidroksida – semacam proses asam-basa
yang tidak mematuhi hukum partisi Nernst.
Beberapa contoh efek ini dapat dilihat pada artikel ekstraksi cair-cair. Adalah hal yang
mungkin untuk mengekstraksi suatu zat terlarut (solut) dari sastu fase cair ke fase cair lainnya
tanpa reaksi kimia. Contoh solut semacam ini adalah gas mulia dan osmium tetroksida.[1]
Proses absorpsi berarti bahwa zat menangkap dan memindahkan
energi. Absorben mendistribusikan bahan yang ditangkapnya secara menyeluruh,
sementara adsorben hanya mendistribusikannya di permukaan saja.
Proses gas atau cair yang menembus ke dalam badan adsorben secara umum dikenal sebagai
absorpsi.