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GET Term 3 Take Home Package

Technology
Grade 9
 GRADE 9 TERM 3 WEEK 1-6 TAKE HOME PACK
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
1. HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Content Explanation
Pneumatic System Two syringes that are connected with a tube can be called a
syringe system. If the tube and syringe are filled with
and compressed air, it is called a pneumatic system.

Hydraulic System If the tube or syringe are filled with water or oil (liquid) it is
called a hydraulic system.

Gases (like air) are compressible. Liquids (like water, oils) are
incompressible.

Educator demonstration 1- The syringe on which you push the

INPUT
plunger/piston in, is called the input or master cylinder of the
system. The syringe that is moved is called the slave piston and
cylinder.

Force transfer in a What determines the distance of movement of the cylinders?

hydraulic system INPUT
Distance of movement changes when you connect a syringe
OUTPUT to another syringe with a different width.
What determines the force exerted by the cylinders?
When different size syringes are connected.

Educator demonstration 2 When work is transferred from a

smaller cylinder to a bigger cylinder, the force exerted by the
plunger of the bigger cylinder, is bigger than the force exerted
to the smaller cylinder. The pressure of liquid is the same
everywhere in the system.

Working of hydraulic Educator demonstration 3

system If the smaller cylinder on the right pushes down the volume of
liquid, the bigger cylinder on the left will move up with the
OUTPUT INPUT same volume of liquid.
Because the surface area of the plunger of the output cylinder
is bigger than the surface area of the input cylinder, the
distance the output cylinder will move will be less than the input
cylinder but the force will be bigger.

Mechanical advantage If the output plunger is wider than the input plunger, the output
of hydraulic system force is bigger than the input force. The mechanical advantage
is bigger than 1. [>1]
 If the output plunger is narrower than the input plunger, the
output force is smaller than the input force. In this case, the
mechanical advantage is smaller than 1.[<1]

a. Write in your own words your understanding of the following terminology.

- Hydraulic system:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Mechanical advantage in hydraulic system:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Content Explanation
Pascal’s Principle How does a small force in A result in a large force to lift the car?
Force transfer The smaller force in cylinder A exerts the same pressure
throughout the liquid. That same pressure in cylinder B is exerted
over a much larger area. This results in the greater force that lifts
the car.

Distance of movement:
Hydraulic Jack When pressure is transferred from a narrow cylinder A to a wide
cylinder B, plunger A moves a longer distance than plunger B
PASCALS LAW:
The pressure is exerted Mechanical advantage
equally in all parts of an When pushing a small cylinder A, a long way with a small force
enclosed system. the big cylinder B will move a short way with a big force

Mechanical SAME size master and slave (input and output) cylinders
advantage of If the output plunger and the input plunger is the same size, there
hydraulic jack will be no mechanical advantage.
When the ratio of input to output is 1:1, there is no mechanical
advantage. We say that the MA = 1

If the slave (input) cylinder is two times bigger than the master
cylinder (output) like in the illustration and the ratio of input to
output is 1:2 there will be a mechanical advantage. We then say
that the MA > 1

If the output plunger is wider than the input plunger, the output
force is bigger than the input force. The mechanical advantage is
bigger than 1. If the output plunger is narrower than the input
plunger, the output force is smaller than the input force. In this case
the mechanical advantage is smaller [MA<1].

If the blue cylinder is pushed down through the green volume on

Calculation the right, the red cylinder will move up through the green volume on
 the left. If the surface area of the base of the output cylinder is four
times the surface area of the input cylinder, the output force will be
four times as big as the input force. The output distance will be

green volume
quarter of input distance. In the system the mechanical advantage
is four and the distance advantage is a quarter.
b. Describe in your own words your understanding of Pascal’s principle:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

DESIGN PROCESS

Analyze the scenario:

Step 1 - Read through the scenario.
Step 2 - Highlight or underline words that you do not understand. Refer to a dictionary or
the internet to find the meaning of words.
Step 3 - Circle the most important words that will help Maria identify what she must do.
Step 4 - Identify and write down Maria’s design challenge.

Design Process

Engineers use the Design Process to design and make things that can solve problems
and challenges. The design process has five stages: Investigate, Design, Make, Evaluate
and Communicate.

Investigate
Design Brief 1. What is it? (what is needed?); 2. Who it is for? 3. What is the
purpose of it? 4. Where will it be used?
Design Specifications are requirements the product must meet. (Use
Specifications the key words to identify specifications in a given scenario:
safety, size, material, function, human rights and environment)
and Constraints are limitations in which the product or solution must
be developed. (Use the key words to identify constraints in a
Constraints given scenario: time, material, cost, tools, human resources)
Use these keywords to guide you when analyzing the given
scenario and to identify and list specifications and constraints.
To draw 1st Angle Orthographic Drawing of your best design/chosen idea:
The illustration shows how a “first angle orthographic drawing” is projected on paper

FRONT SIDE

TOP

Cutting line

Before starting with the 1st angle orthographic working drawing, once again consider
the following:
✓ Refer to the illustration above to refresh your understanding of 1st angel
orthographic projection.
✓ View the video’s by clicking on the links to gain a better understanding of 1st
angel orthographic projection.
✓ Use the practice example of the staircase to practice your first angle
orthographic projection skills and understanding

Mechanical Systems: Pulleys

Content Explanation
Fixed pulley When a fixed pulley is used like in illustration 1 and 2, it only changes
(Red pulley) the direction of movement. (Load moves upwards while the pulling
Illustration 1 action or effort goes downwards). If the load is 60kg, an effort of 60 kg
&2 is needed to lift the load. Therefore, this pulley system is not going to
make it easier for you to lift the load. Remember that.
Moveable When a moveable pulley is used like in illustration 3, the 60kg load and
pulley the effort moves in the same direction. Because only one rope is still
(Blue pulley) carrying the load, and the other is used to apply the effort, you will still
Illustration 3 need an effort of 60 kg to move the load.
Pulley block When a pulley block system is used like in illustration 4, something
system remarkable happens. Less effort is now needed to lift the load. The
Illustration 4 load is now ‘hanging’ on two ropes which means that the 60kg effort is
now divided between two ‘ropes’ each carrying 30kg. This is why only
an effort of 30kg is needed to lift/move the load of 60kg.
Mechanical The term mechanical advantage is used to explain how much easier
Advantage mechanisms or machines can make a particular task eg. to move a
Illustration 4 load. By using the pulley block system like in illustration 4 above, half
the effort is used to lift the load. This means that there is a Mechanical
Advantage of 2 [MA=2] because the two ropes carrying the load
 divide the effort. You can now work out the advantage of this system:
60kg ÷ 2 = 30kg.
If a pulley system has three ropes carrying a load the 60kg will be
divided by 3 [60kg ÷ 3 = 20kg]. We can then say the Mechanical
Advantage = 3
Attention Did you realize the more the Mechanical Advantage of a pulley system
the more rope and time you will need to move the load? The distance
the load will lift, will be smaller in comparison to the length of the rope.
1. Provide the sketch with correct labels:

2. Write down the mechanical advantage of the following pulley systems:

a. b. c.

75

100

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS: GEARS

A B C

Two equal sized spur gears Two unequal sized spur gears Two equal sized
spur
gears with smaller
spur
gear in the middle
Content Explanation
A [Driver gear on the left – direction of rotation is clockwise]
Two equal The two gears mesh and each one rotates around its own axle. The driver
size spur gear rotates clockwise and the driven gear will rotates anti-clockwise. If
gears the driver gear rotates ONE full revolution, then the driven gear will also
(14 teeth + 14 rotate ONE full revolution. This is because they have the same number of
teeth)
teeth and are the same size
B [gear on the left is the driver gear – direction of rotation is anti-clockwise]
Two The two gears meshed and both rotate around its own axle. The driver
unequal gear rotates anti-clockwise and therefore the driven gear will rotate
spur gears clockwise. If the driver gear rotates ONE full revolution, the driven gear will
(40 teeth + 20 rotate TWO full revolutions. Why? Hint: compare the number of teeth
teeth)
C [The gear on the left is the driver gear – direction of rotation is clockwise]
 Two equal Three gears. Two of equal size with a smaller one in the middle. The small
spur gears spur gear is called the idler. The function of an idler gear is only to
and smaller synchronize the direction of rotation of the driver gear and the driven
spur gear in gear. All three gears are rotating on its own axle. The driver gear (on the
the middle. left) rotates clockwise, the driven gear will now also rotate clockwise. If
(18 teeth + 12 the driver gear rotates ONE full rotation, the driven gear will also rotate
teeth + 18 teeth)
ONE full rotation – the reason – both driver and driven gears have 18 teeth.

Rotational speed
(Driver gear = 40 teeth and
driven gear = 20 teeth)
Mechanical
advantage: Force
Complete the phrase: If the driver gear rotates ………. times,
then the driven gear will rotate ……………times, which implies
that the ………… gear will rotate …………………
(faster/slower).
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 20
Gear ratio = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 40
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 1
Rotational speed = = OR 1:2
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 2
The speed of rotation of each gear is inversely proportional to
the number of teeth of the gear. Therefore, the gear ratio can
be calculated by dividing the number of teeth on the output
gear by the number of teeth on the input gear.
A gear system also changes the turning force on the input
axle into a different turning force on the output axle. If the
rotational speed of the output axle is 2 times faster, the turning
force on the output axle will be 2 times smaller.

Worksheet
1. If the left gear turns clockwise, in which direction will the gear on the right turn?

………………………………………..

2. The left gear has 18 teeth and the right gear has
6 teeth.
[When a gear has made a full turn, you can say it
has made one full revolution].

a. If the left driver gear makes one full revolution anti-clockwise, how many
revolutions will the right driven gear make, and in which direction?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. How many revolutions should the left gear make for the right gear to make 12
revolutions?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Look at the set of gears in the illustration. The big gear with 80 teeth
is the input gear.
80 t

20 t

The speed with which the fan turns is called the rotational speed of the axle.
When a gear with many teeth drives a gear with fewer teeth, the driven gear
turns faster, but with a smaller turning force than the driver gear. When a gear
with few teeth
drives a gear with many teeth, the driven gear turns slower, but with a bigger
turning force than the driver gear.

a. Calculate the gear ratio of the set of gears.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

b. If the input axle is rotating at 20 rpm, at what speed is the output axle rotating?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Which axle will turn with the greater force, the driver or the driven axle?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….