CONTENTS: PAGE

Abstract………………………………………………………………….……….1
Nomenclature…………………………………………………………………..2
Objective…………………………………….……………………………………4
Introduction…………………….……………………………………………….4
Theory…………………………………………………………………………….5
References…………………………………………………………………….…7
ABSTRACT:

In this experimental course, it is mainly aimed to understand the

functional purpose of the hydraulic systems. To be able to do this, firstly
the theoretical information related to the operational principles,
fundamental components, main advantages and disadvantages as well
as the application areas of hydraulic systems have been given in an
order. To sum up, this experiment’s goal is to understand how is a
hydraulic system works and recognize the main components.
NOMENCLATURE:
OBJECTIVE:

At the end of the experiment students will be able to draw a schematical

shown of an hydraulic system flow with universal symbols, also they will be
gained an ability to establish and to operate a basic hydraulic system with its
essential components.

INTRODUCTION:

 Hydraulic systems work by using pressurized fluid to power an engine.

These hydraulic presses put pressure on a small amount of fluid in order to
generate a large amount of power.

Here’s a basic idea of a hydraulic system: water in a contained system

has pressure put on it from one side. That pressure forces it against a piston
on the other side of the container. This transfers the energy into the piston,
forcing it upward to lift something. Because the pressure on the water will not
let it flow backwards, the piston can never move in the opposite way unless
that pressure is released. This means that whatever the piston is lifting is
secure until the system operator allows it to be released. For example, if the
pistons raise the forklift’s prongs, they would remain raised until the hydraulic
pressure was released.

The working principle of the hydraulic systems relies on the Pascal’s Law
that basically says “the pressure in an enclosed fluid is uniform in all the
directions.”
THEORY:

The basis for all hydraulic systems is expressed by Pascal's law which
states that the pressure exerted anywhere upon an enclosed liquid is
transmitted undiminished, in all directions, to the interior of the container. This
principle allows large forces to be generated with relatively little effort. As
illustrated, a 5 pound force exerted against a 1 inch square area creates an
internal pressure of 5 psi. This pressure, acting against the 10 square inch
area develops 50 pounds of force.

In a basic hydraulic circuit, the force exerted by a cylinder is dependent

upon the cylinder bore size and the pump pressure. (There is no force
generated unless there is resistance to the movement of the piston). With
1000 psi pump pressure exerted against a 12 square inch piston area
(approximately 4” dia.), a force of 12,000 pounds is developed by the cylinder.
The speed at which the piston will move is dependent upon the flow rate
(gpm) from the pump and the cylinder area. Hence, if pump delivery is 1
gallon per minute (231 cu. in./min.) the cylinder piston will move at a rate of
19.25 in./min. (231 cu. in. ÷ 12 sq. in./min.).

The simplest hydraulic circuit consists of a reservoir, pump, relief valve,

3-way directional control valve, single acting cylinder, connectors and lines.
This system is used where the cylinder piston is returned by mechanical force.
With the control valve in neutral, pump flow passes through the valve and
back to the reservoir. With the valve shifted, oil is directed to the piston side
of the cylinder, causing the piston to move, extending the rod. If the valve is
returned to neutral, the oil is trapped in the cylinder, holding it in a fixed
position, while pump flow is returned to the reservoir. Shifting the valve in the
opposite direction permits the oil to pass through the valve back to the
reservoir. The relief valve limits the system pressure to a pre-set amount.
Relief valves are commonly incorporated into the directional control valve.
 A hydraulic system using a double acting cylinder and a 4-way valve
differs from a single acting cylinder system in that the cylinder can exert force
in both directions. With the control valve in neutral, flow is returned to the
reservoir. When shifted in one direction, oil is directed to the piston side of the
cylinder, causing the cylinder to extend. Oil from the rod side passes through
the valve back to the reservoir. If the valve is shifted to neutral, oil in the
cylinder is trapped, holding it in a fixed position. When the valve is shifted in
the opposite position, oil is directed to the rod side of the cylinder, causing the
cylinder to retract. Oil from the piston side passes through the valve back to
the reservoir.
REPORT QUESTIONS

1) A hydraulic system is used to lift a 2000kg vehicle in an auto garage.

If the vehicle sits on a piston of area 0.5 square meter, and a force is
applied to a piston of area 0.03 square meters, what is the minimum
force that must be applied to lift the vehicle?
Given Data:
Area A1=0.5m2 (covered by vehicle)
Weight of the vehicle F1=2000kg x 9.8 m/s2
Force applied on the area A2=0.03m2
Solution:

According to Pascal’s Principle

Pressure at x side = Pressure at y side
P1 = P2
F1/A1 = F2/A2
F2 = (F1/A1) x A2
F2= [(2000 x 9.8)/0.5] x 0.03
F2=(39200 x 0.03)N
F2 = 1176 N
2) Why do we call the valve shown in the figure below as “4/3 valve”?
Explain the function of this valve briefly.

Answer:
Lines to the boxes show flow to and from the valve, while lines
with arrows in the boxes show direction of flow. The number of
boxes tells how many positions the valve has.
A double acting actuator requires a 4 way valve. A 4 way valve
pressurizes and exhausts two ports interdependently. A 3 position, 4
way valve stops an actuator or allows it to float. The 4 way function
is a common type of directional control valve for both air and
hydraulic circuits. A 4/3 valve is more common in hydraulic circuits.
3) Establish your own functional hydraulic system using an actuator and
valve that you choose. Provide a technical draw of this system
involving the universal symbols for all equipments. Include the
names of the components on the drawing.
REFERENCES:

1. https://fpsindia.net/how-do-hydraulics-work/

2. https://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/technologies/other-

technologies/article/21884325/book-2-chapter-8-directional-control-
valves
3. https://mech.atu.edu.tr/Upload/Dosyalar/Duyuru/Dosya/2021/10/14102

0211323_D_113_6746a64b-234a-421f-a210-80ca8975e2a0.pdf
MQ-1 Explain the fundamental working principle of the hydraulic systems.

The basis for all hydraulic systems is expressed by Pascal's law which
states that the pressure exerted anywhere upon an enclosed liquid is
transmitted undiminished, in all directions, to the interior of the container. This
principle allows large forces to be generated with relatively little effort.

The hydraulic system works on the principle of Pascal's law which says

that the pressure in an enclosed fluid is uniform in all the directions .

MQ-2 Why are the hydraulic systems are important for the engineering
industry? Explain the main advantages briefly.

Hydraulic systems are capable of moving heavier loads as well as

providing greater force than mechanical, electrical or pneumatic systems. The
fluid power system means it can easily cope with a large weight range without
having to use gears, pulleys or heavy leavers. It provides constant force and
torque, regardless of how fast it is going, something which isn’t possible in
pneumatic, electrical or mechanical systems.

Furthermore, hydraulic systems have relatively more compact and

simple mechanisms compared to electromechanical motion mechanisms. The
term of weight-to-power ratio is generally used for giving an idea about the
general performance of mobile power source (oil pump). As the value of the
ratio gets lower, performance of the mechanism increases. In other words,
huge amount of power could be generated by relatively small input forces.
ADANA ALPARSLAN TÜ RKEŞ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
ENGINEERING FACULTY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MM 401 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 3

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

210108069
AYŞENUR ÇETİN

EXPERIMENT DATE
12.11.2021

GROUP NAME: C

INSTRUCTOR AND ASSISTANT

“Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdurrahim DAL & Res. Asst. Volkan KORKUT”
ADANA ALPARSLAN TÜ RKEŞ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
ENGINEERING FACULTY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MM 401 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 3

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

210108069
AYŞENUR ÇETİN

EXPERIMENT DATE
12.11.2021

GROUP NAME: C

INSTRUCTOR AND ASSISTANT

“Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdurrahim DAL & Res. Asst. Volkan KORKUT”