GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PUNE

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE OF GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA)

MICROPROJECT

COURSE: Surveying 2
COURSE CODE: CE3103
TITLE: Modern Surveying
Instruments

GROUP MEMBERS
SR.NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME
1 2101088 OMKAR MOHAN MOZE
2 2101089 SHIVAM VIJAY MULE
3 2101091 PRATIK DEVIDAS PALVE
4 2101093 PARTH RAJENDRA GAIKWAD
5 2101098 LABESH GOKUL PAWAR
6 2101104 RANJAN KISHOR LONKAR

Name of Instructor
Prof. R. Aghav Sir
Lecturer at Government Polytechnic, Pune

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 INTRODUCTION

A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of power that converts mechanical power into
hydraulic energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure). When a hydraulic pump operates, it
performs two functions. First, its mechanical action creates a vacuum at the pump inlet which
allows atmospheric pressure to force liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump.
Second, its mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the
hydraulic system.

A pump produces liquid movement or flow: it does not generate pressure. It produces the
flow necessary for the development of pressure which is a function of resistance to fluid flow
in the system. For example, the pressure of the fluid at the pump outlet is zero for a pump not
connected to a system. Further, for a pump delivering into a system, the pressure will rise
only to the level necessary to overcome the resistance of the load.

Hydraulic pumps are used for energizing fluids to flow from a lower potential to higher. It
has several mechanical moving components that receive energy from any other source. Most
of the hydraulic pumps have rotating parts that operate using the electrical source.

Hydraulic Pump Working

A hydraulic pump works on the basic principle of displacement. A hydraulic pump works in
the following way:

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  A hydraulic pump has two gears that are driver or power and the driven or idler gears.
These gears mesh with each other.

 An electric motor or engine is connected to the driver gear through a driving shaft.
The driver gear rotates when it gets power from the motor.

 As the driver gear starts rotating, it further drives the driven gear.

 Due to the movement of these gears, a vacuum generates at the inlet side of the pump.
Due to this vacuum, the pump sucks fluid or oil from a tank or reservoir.

 The suction and discharge sections of the pump have check valves. The main
objective of a check is to stop the backward flow of the fluids. This pump sucks fluid
from the suction side, and the check valve located at the suction helps to force the
fluid inside the pump.

 As the fluid pressure inside the pump becomes higher than the external fluid, the
suction valve closes.

 This fluid needs to pass between the pump gears before discharging because there is
no direct way to reach till outlet valve.

 After entering the pump, the fluid is trapped between the driver and driven gears.

 This fluid or oil moves with the movement of the gears. As the fluid flows between
the gears, its volume decreases, and the flow rate increases.

 After reaching on desired flow rate, this hydraulic oil or fluid is discharged through
the discharge valve and delivered to different parts of the system such as the piston or
cylinder.

Necessity of hydraulic pumps

Hydraulic pumps are mostly the first choice for crucial situation instead of other types of
pumps. For starters, they are perfect for heavy-duty applications since they can handle higher
pressure and flow rates. Also, they are quite dependable and require little upkeep, which
ultimately saves time and money. Moreover, hydraulic pumps can deliver smooth, steady
performance, which is vital in many industries. They are also quite precise. They are
appropriate for applications where noise levels must be kept to a minimum because they are
also quite quiet. They generate a lot of power from a compact unit and are efficient. They are
appropriate for space and weight constraints.

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Hydraulic systems also fail rarely. Several replacement components are accessible, making
them easy to maintain and repair. Hydraulic pumps are popular in transportation, where
safety and reliability are paramount.

Types of hydraulic pumps

The hydraulic pumps can be classified into two important form:

1.Rotodynamic pumps

i. Centrifugal pumps

ii. Submersible pump

2.Positive displacement pumps

i. Reciprocating pumps (1. single acting & 2. double acting)

Brief information

1. Rotodynamic pumps –

A rotodynamic pump is a kinetic machine in which energy is continuously imparted to the

pumped fluid by means of a rotating impeller, propeller, or rotor, in contrast to a positive
displacement pump in which a fluid is moved by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and forcing
the trapped volume into the pump's discharge.

i. Centrifugal pump –

The centrifugal pump defines as a hydraulic machine that converts mechanical

energy into hydraulic energy by means of a centrifugal force acting on the fluid.

In this, the pump uses a centrifugal force acting on the fluid surface to convert the mechanical
energy. The centrifugal pump flows in a radial outward direction. Therefore, the pump acts
like a reverse reaction turbine. These pumps are used to raise the water or liquid from a lower
level to a higher level.

The first centrifugal pump was invented in the 17 century. After that, Denis Papin modified
the centrifugal pump with straight blades. Again in 1851, British discoverer John Appold
invented a curved vane centrifugal pump.

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Nowadays, centrifugal pumps are commonly used in worldwide industrial applications. They
are extensively used because the pump has no power loss due to friction. It has a simple
design and is very easy to control. In addition, they do not have problems with leakage and
heat transfer.

Parts of Centrifugal Pump

The different parts of the centrifugal pump are listed below.

1. Shaft and shaft sleeve

2. Impeller
3. Casing
4. Suction Pipe
5. Delivery Pipe

#1 Shaft and shaft sleeve

The shaft is a central part of the pump, which rotates with the connected impeller. It is
coupled with the prime mover to get the power. The shaft fits with the ball bearing.

A shaft sleeve is also employed, which prevents the shaft of the pump from leakage and
corrosion. One end of the sleeve should be sealed.

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#2 Impeller

The impeller consists of a series of backward-curved vanes. It is mounted to the shaft of an

electric motor. An impeller is a rotating part of the centrifugal pump. It is enclosed in a
watertight casing. The centrifugal pump impeller is divided into three types.

a) Open Impeller

An open impeller consists of vanes attached to a central hub and mounted directly on the
shaft. The vanes have no walls or cover around them, making open impellers weaker than
closed valves. Still, these are generally quick and easy to clean and repair.

b) Closed Impeller

The closed impeller has both front and back cover plates. In this, the impeller vanes are
sandwiched between two cover plates. These are installed in radial flow centrifugal pumps
and can be either single or double inlets. Also, it uses to obtain pure water.

c) Semi-open impeller

Semi-open impellers have a back-wall cover plate that gives mechanical power to the van,
while the other side remains open. Semi-open impellers are used in medium-sized pumps.
This impeller is designed for debris-loading fluid.

#3 Casing

The casing is an airtight passage surrounding the impeller. It is designed in such a way that
the kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet is converted into pressure energy
before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe.

The casing works as a cover to protect the system. The casing of the centrifugal pump is
further classified into three types.

a) Volute casing (Spiral casing)

It is surrounded by the impeller. Such a casing provides a gradual increase in the area of a
flow, thus decreasing the velocity of water and correspondingly increasing the pressure.

b) Vortex casing

A vortex casing is a circular chamber introduced between the impeller and casing. here the
fluid from the impeller has to first pass through the vortex chamber and then through the
volute casing. In such a case, there is a better conversion done that is velocity energy into
pressure, and it has good efficiency than the volute casing.

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c) Casing with Guide Blades

In casing with guide blades, the blades surround the impeller. These blades are designed and
arranged in such a way that the water from the impeller enters the guide vane without shock
and creates a passage of increasing area, through which the water passes and reaches the
delivery to leave with pressure.

#4 Suction Pipe with a Foot Valve and Strainer

The suction pipe has two ends. One end is connected to the inlet of the pump, and the other
dips into the water in a sump.

A foot valve fits at the lower end of the suction pipe. The foot valve is the one-way type of
valve which only opens in an upward direction. A strainer is also fitted at the end of the
suction pipe to prevent the entry of foreign bodies into the suction pipe.

#5 Delivery valve

The delivery valve also has two ends. One end is connected to the outlet of the pump, and the
other end delivers the water at a required height.

Working Principle of Centrifugal Pump

The pump works on the principle of the forced vortex flow. It means when a mass of liquid is
rotating by an external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The
rises in pressure head at any point is directly proportional to the velocity of the liquid at that
point.

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Therefore, the rise in the pressure head is more at the outlet of the impeller and the liquid will
discharge with a high-pressure head at the outlet. Due to this, the high-pressure head of the
liquid can be lifted to a high level. This pump is suitable for low head discharge. It usually
develops at the head of 50m.

Necessary for a Centrifugal Pump

The pressure developed by the impeller of a centrifugal pump is proportional to the density of
the fluid in the impeller. If the impeller is running in the air, it will produce negligible
pressure, which may not suck water through the suction pipe. To avoid this, the pump is first
primed, i.e., filled with water.

Advantages of Centrifugal Pump

1. The most significant advantage of centrifugal pumps is their simplicity.

2. They are suitable for large discharge and smaller heads.
3. They don’t require any valves or many moving parts.
4. This pump allows them to run at high speeds with minimal maintenance.
5. Their output is very steady and consistent.
6. Centrifugal pumps provide a lot of flexibility, are easy to move, and don’t take up a
lot of space.
Disadvantages of Centrifugal Pump

1. The pump uses rotation rather than suction to move the water. Therefore, it has no
suction power.
2. Centrifugal pumps always face cavitation problems.
3. During pump operation, there may be a possibility of misalignment of the shaft.
4. These pumps are not built to operate with highly viscous liquids as well as high heads.
5. It also damages the seal ring, worn ring, and impeller.
Application of Centrifugal Pump

1. These pumps are popularly used in domestic applications like pumping water
from one place to another.
2. They are also used in refrigerant and coolant recirculation.
3. This pump is also used for drainage, irrigation, and sprinkling.
4. Centrifugal pumps are widely used in gas and oil industries for pumping slurry,
mud, and oil.
5. These pumps are also valuable for sewage systems.

ii. Submersible pump -

A submersible pump is a type of pump that is completely submerged in the water. It works by
pushing the water toward the surface instead of pulling it. It has a hermetically sealed motor
connected to the pump body that helps to push the fluid toward the surface.

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The submersible pumps are most commonly used to pump the water from the wells. This
type of pump pushes water toward the surface by changing the rotatory motion (speed) into
kinetic energy, and diffuser blades further convert this K.E. into pressure energy.

The significant benefit of this pump is that it can prevent the pump from cavitation. The
principal purpose of these pumps is to pump water out of the tanks, wells, or other vessels by
submerging into the water or other fluids.

These pumps are also utilized in hot water-heavy oil applications where pressurized liquid
from the ground is used to power a hydraulic motor in wells instead of an electric motor.

Components of Submersible Pump

A submersible pump has the following components:

1. Safety Rope
2. Clamps
3. Check Valve
4. Submersible Pump
5. Pump cable
6. Safety Rope
7. Pressure Gauges
8. Pressure Switch
9. Torque Arrestor

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 10. Tank Tees
11. Flow Control Valves
12. Sediment Filter
13. Ball Valves
14. Drain Valves
15. Relief Valves
16. Impeller
17. Inlet and Outlet Valve

1) Submersible Water Pump

This component of the pump completely immerses in the water that uses to push the water
toward the surface. It works very efficiently. It has a self-priming capability.

2) Check Valve

The check valve is a famous type of valve. It is used to stop the backflow of the fluid inside
the pump. It is also known as a non-return valve.

The location and number of check valves needed for the pump depend on the depth of the
well pump configuration. Installations under 200ft require a check valve on the surface of the
wellbore and a check valve on the pump exit.

If you set the position deeper, then you will need more check valves. The following are some
factors that you should consider for the installation of a check valve:

 Hose
 Volume of water
 Weight of the submersible well pump
 Pressure drops of the valve
 Friction loss of the hose
 The velocity of the water.
3) Clamps

The pipe clamp is used to seal the poly pipe against a barbed insert fitting to make a reliable
pull-off connection and watertight seal. All 300-grade stainless steel clamps allow clamps to
ensure the pump’s life during the installation of the well or when the highest corrosion
resistance is needed.

4) Safety Rope

In your submersible water pump, you can see that the safety rope directly connects to the
pump and locates on the wellhead. The main function of the safety rope is to stop the pipe
from separating, which can lead to pump loss in the well base.

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In the event of a riser pipe failure, the safety rope also provides a backup so that the installer
can pull the pump out of the borehole. Before each pump is hung in the well, it must be
secured with a safety rope.

5) Pump Cable

The pump cables use to transfer the electricity to the pump. Mostly the submersible pumps
use cables that have 2 or 3 wires.

6) Cable Ties

These utilize to efficiently secure the pump cable’s riser between the cable guards. In
addition, some cables require zip ties to be attached to the riser that is no more than 10 feet
apart.

7) Pressure Switches

The pressure switch regulates the operation of the submersible water pump. It has a built-in
membrane that moves forward and backward to exchange the pressure of the water system.

Pressure switches are available in heavy-duty, medium, and standard models to control a
large variety of pressure and electrical ratings.

8) Pressure Gauge

With pressure gauges, you can easily monitor the operational status of your pump. You can
also view the ON and OFF settings of your pump switch by the pressure gauge. These gauges
are located in the accessory parts that point up to the T-head of the water tank.

9) Impeller

This is a rotating component of the pump. It has multiple fixed blades. It converts the K.E. of
the water into speed.

10) Inlet and Outlet Valves

The Inlet valve uses to suck the water inside the pump while the outlet valve uses to
discharge the water from the pump.

Advantages of Submersible Pump

 This pump prevents cavitation problems.

 There is no need for manual priming because it submerges in water and gets priming
from there.
 The cable of the submersible water well pump can be used in both fresh water and
saltwater.
 It has high efficiency than other types.

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  It saves a large part of energy because it sucks the water inside itself by using water
pressure.
 A submersible water pump can control both liquids and solids
 It has quiet working
 These pumps are more efficient than jet pumps.
 Submersible pumps transfer fluids by pushing them, while jet pumps transfer fluids
by pulling them.
 This pump can save a large amount of energy.
 It can also work by completely submerging in the water
 It has no cavitation problems.
 This type of pump has sufficient internal pressure to pump the water
Disadvantages of Submersible Pumps

 If the pump seal drops its integrity, it can create a pump leakage issue and eventually
damage internal components.
 Lack of water can lead to motor overheating.
 The pump is submerged, so the pump failure can’t be found quickly.
 If the pump is not completely submerged, it may cause significant damage.
 Compared to non-submersible pumps, submersible pumps have a high cost.
 The pump seal deteriorates with time.
 Different applications require different types of pumps, and one pump cannot serve all
applications.
 The pump motor needs high care; otherwise, it will overheat.
 The submersible water pump is hermetically sealed, which rusts over time. Therefore,
water can enter the motor and damage its parts.
 These pumps are hard to repair due to their submersible property.
 This type of pump has a high price because of its mechanical properties
 It can’t use for all types of applications.
 It has complicated maintenance.

Applications of Submersible Pumps

 Submersible pumps are most commonly used for dewatering, oil production, drinking
water supply, and irrigation applications.
 These pumps work in wells, drains, and wet wells.
 This pump can also be used in plants and pools. Pools usually use submersible water
pumps to pump sewage that enters homes and other buildings, building lots, and
sewers.

2. Positive displacement pumps

A positive displacement (PD) pump moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed

volume and moving it mechanically through the system. The pumping action is cyclic
and can be driven by pistons, screws, gears, rollers, diaphragms, or vanes . Positive
displacement pumps add energy to a fluid by applying force to the liquid with a
mechanical device such as a piston or plunger. A positive displacement pump decreases
the volume containing the liquid until the resulting liquid pressure equals the pressure
in the discharge system.

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i. Reciprocating pumps

A reciprocating pump is a device that converts mechanical energy into hydraulic by

sucking the liquid into a cylinder. In this pump, a piston reciprocates, which uses thrust on
the liquid and increases its hydraulic energy. A reciprocating pump is also called a positive
displacement pump. Because it discharges a definite quantity of liquid. It is often used where
a small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite significant.

This type of pump was invented by Charles C. Barnes of Sackville, New Brunswick, who
patented it on June 16, 1874. There have been various improvements since, including a variable
vane pump for gases (1909).
This type of pump is considered less suitable than other vacuum pumps for high-viscosity and
high-pressure fluids and is complex to operate. They can endure short periods of dry operation
and are considered good for low-viscosity fluids.

Parts of Reciprocating Pump

The following are the main parts of the reciprocating pump.

1. Cylinder
2. Suction Pipe
3. Delivery Pipe
4. Suction valve
5. Delivery valve
6. Piston and piston rod
7. Crank and connecting rod
8. Strainer
9. Air vessels

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#1 Cylinder

In the cylinder, the piston is moving to and fro. The moment of the piston obtains by a
connecting rod which connects the piston and crank.

#2 Suction Pipe

It is the source of water that connects the cylinder together. The suction pipe allows the water
to flow in the cylinder.

#3 Delivery Pipe

After the process, the source of water leaves the cylinder and discharges through the delivery
pipe. The delivery pipe joins the pump cylinder to the discharge outlet.

#4 Suction Valve

In this valve, the flow of water enters from the suction pipe into the cylinder. It allows only
one-directional flow. Hence it is also known as a non-return valve. This valve is found on the
suction pipe inlet.

#5 Delivery Valve

With this valve, the flow of water is discharged from the cylinder into the delivery pipe. It is
also a non-return valve located between the delivery pipe outlets. The valve is in the closed
position during suction.

#6 Piston and Piston Rod

It is a solid part that acts back and forth inside the cylinder for the suction and delivery of the
liquid. Whereas the piston rod helps the piston to move in a linear direction.

#7 Crank and Connecting Rod

A crank is a circular disc that is connected to a motor. While the connecting rod connects the
crank to the piston. As a result, the rotational motion of the crank is converted into linear
movement of the piston.

#8 Strainer

A strainer is an essential part of the pump that is located at the end of the suction pipe. This
helps in preventing the entry of solids from the water source into the cylinders.

#9 Air Vessels

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It is a closed chamber made up of cast iron. It has two ends. One end is open at its base
through which the water flows into the vessel cylinder. The air vessels are fitted to the
suction pipe and delivery pipe of this pump to get a uniform discharge.
Functions of Air Vessels

 The air vessels use to get the continuous flow of water at a uniform rate.

 To reduce the amount of work in overcoming the frictional resistance in the

suction pipe and delivery pipe.

 To run the pump at high speed with separation.

Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump

Following are the two different working principles:

1. Single-acting reciprocating pump and

2. A double-acting reciprocating pump.

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1. Single Acting Reciprocating Pump

In this pump, A cylinder, in which a piston moves forward and backward. The piston is
reciprocating by means of the connecting rod. The connecting rod connects the piston and the
rotating crank. The crank is rotating by means of an electric motor

The suction and delivery pipes with suction and delivery valve are arranged to the cylinder.

 The suction valve allows the water to the cylinder and

 The delivery valve leaves the water from the cylinder.
As the crank rotates, during the first stroke of the piston (called suction stroke), the water
enters into the cylinder. In a suction stroke, the crank is rotating from A to C (from 0°
to 180°) the piston is moving towards the right side of the cylinder. Due to this, the vacuum
creates in the cylinder. This vacuum causes the suction valve to open and the water enters the
cylinder.

In the next stroke called delivery stroke, the water leaves the cylinder. In the delivery
stroke, the crank is rotating from C to A (from 180° to 360°) the piston is moving to the
left side of the cylinder. Due to this, the pressure of the liquid increases inside the
cylinder. This pressure causes the suction valve to close and delivery valve open. Then
the water is forced into the delivery pipe and raised to a required height.

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2. Double Acting Reciprocating Pump

In this water is acting on both sides of the piston, as shown in the figure.

Thus two suction pipes and two delivery pipes are required for a double-acting pump.
When there is a suction stroke on one side of the piston, at the same time there is a delivery
stroke on the other side of the piston.

Hence for one complete revolution of the crank, there is two delivery stroke and the water is
delivered to the pipes by the pump during these two delivery strokes.

Working of Reciprocating Pump

When the crank connects to the power source (motor), it will start rotating, and the
connecting rod and the crank will also be in movement. As the piston is attached to the
connecting rod, it will also start moving in a linear direction.

When the crank is moved outwards, the piston moves to its right, creating a vacuum in
the cylinder. This causes the suction valve to open. Now, the liquid from the source is
sucked into the cylinder by the suction pipe.

Similarly, when the crank moves inwards of the cylinder, the piston will move to its left,
compressing the liquid in the cylinder. At this point, pressure is generated, causing the
delivery valve to open, and the liquid flows through the delivery pipe.

Finally, the piston reaches its extreme left position, and all the liquid in the cylinder is
delivered through the delivery valve. Again, the crank spins outwards, and the piston moves
to the right to create suction, and the process is repeated.

Advantages of reciprocating pump

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  The reciprocating pump requires no priming.
 It can be used to deliver liquid at higher pressure.
 It has higher efficiency as compared to a centrifugal pump.
 Starting torque is less.
 It can work in a wide pressure range.

Disadvantages of reciprocating pump

 The reciprocating pump has a high maintenance cost due to more wear and tear of
the parts.
 As compared to centrifugal pumps, it is heavy and bigger in size.
 The initial cost is high.
 The flow rate of the liquid delivered is low.
 Requires more floor area and heavy foundation.

Applications of reciprocating pump

 Reciprocating pumps are used as a feed pumps for boilers.

 For pumping industrial fluids.
 Oil drilling operations.
 Hydraulic jack.
 Fire fighting application.
 Fuel injection in automobile engines.

Difference Between Centrifugal Pump and Reciprocating Pump

Following are the main difference between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps:

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Making the Best Hydraulic Pump Selection

There are various things to take into consideration when selecting a hydraulic pump for your
needs. Some of the most significant ones are listed below:

1. Flow Speed

The amount of fluid a hydraulic pump can move in a specific period of time is referred to as
its flow rate. Typically, it is expressed in gallons per minute (GPM). Your application’s needs
will determine the flow rate you require.

2. Pressure

A hydraulic pump’s pressure rating describes the highest pressure it is capable of producing.
Usually, it is expressed in pounds per square inch (PSI). The demands of your application
will determine the pressure rating you require.

3. Class of Pump

Gear pumps, vane pumps, and piston pumps are just a few of the several kinds of hydraulic
pumps. Selecting the type that is most appropriate for your application is crucial because each
type has advantages and disadvantages of its own.

4. Size

The physical dimensions of a hydraulic pump are referred to as its size. It’s crucial to select
a pump that is the proper size for your application because a pump that is too big or too
small could not work as well as it could.

5.Cost

Last but not least, you should think about the hydraulic pump’s price. Although price
shouldn’t be your only consideration, it is a crucial one because you need to make sure the
pump you select is within your budget.

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 CONCLUSION

Hydraulic pump is a great source of pumping device for many applications today, even
though it powers most dynamic machines . Understanding hydraulic pumps and their uses allows
you to choose the proper pump for your needs and keep your machinery and equipment running
smoothly. While choosing a hydraulic pump, consider flow rate, pressure, type, size, and cost.

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