TRIDENT VOCATIONAL

TRAINING CENTRE
LEVEL 1
PUMPS

Teaching topics
T1Introduction to Domestic Pumps
a) Definition of a pump
b) The Working Principles of a Pump
T2- Types of Domestic Pumps
a) Submersible Pumps
b) Service Pumps
General Parts of a Simple Pump i.e. Impeller
T3- Importance and Applications of Pumps
a) Need for a domestic pump in a Bungalow
b) Various Applications of Pumps
PL12-T4-Domestic Pumps Selection Criteria for Bungalow House
a) Based on Power Ratings
b) Flow Rate
c) Head

1.0 Introduction to Domestic Pumps

Definition - What does pump mean?
A pump is a mechanical device used to force a fluid (a liquid or a gas) to move
forward inside a pipeline or hose. They are also used to produce pressure by the
creation of a suction (partial vacuum), which causes the fluid to rise to a higher
altitude.
a) Working principle of a pump

The working principle of centrifugal pumps involves imparting energy to the

liquid by means of a centrifugal force developed by the rotation of an impeller
that has several blades or vanes. The basic centrifugal pump theory of
working comprises of the following working stages.

- Liquid enters the pump casing at the impeller

- Velocity energy is imparted to the liquid by means of the centrifugal force

produced by rotation of the impeller and the liquid is radially pushed out
towards the impeller periphery.
- The velocity energy of liquid is converted to pressure energy by directing it to
an expanding volute design casing in a volute type centrifugal pump or diffusers
in a turbine pump.

Pumps are primarily classified as dynamic pumps and positive displacement

pumps. As explained in theory above, dynamic pumps operate by developing a
high liquid velocity. Positive displacement pumps operate by forcing a fixed
volume of liquid. The dynamic action in the centrifugal pump working principle
makes it comparatively lesser efficient than positive displacement pumps.
However they operate at relatively higher speeds thus permitting a high liquid
flow rate in relation to the physical size of the pump. They also usually require
lesser installation and maintenance cost. Because of these advantages
centrifugal pumps are the most commonly used pumps in industries.

2.0Types of domestic pumps

1. Centrifugal pumps:
 These types of pumps use centrifugal force to pump water and operate with
an electric motor.

 They use one or more rotors.

 They can handle a large amount of liquid flow and have high discharge
rates.

 Low viscosity liquids, i.e. liquids that are not very thick, can flow easily. As
the viscosity increases, energy consumption also increases, and the utility of
the pump decreases.

 These pumps can also be used to collect clean water free of solid
contaminants and chemicals.

 These pumps are ideal for supplying water to homes, lawn sprinklers, filling
pools, emptying tanks and wells, irrigating small areas, etc.

 This type of pump must, however, be supported by a foot valve and the
liquids should be free of vapor. The correct impeller type should be selected
if the fluid is pumped with solids.

 These pumps have very high efficiency.

 Centrifugal Pump Advantages:

1. Their aforementioned simplicity.

2. They don’t require any valves or moving parts. This makes it easy to
produce with many different materials.
3. It also allows them to move at high speeds with minimal maintenance.
4. Their output is very steady and consistent. 
 5. Most of all, they are very small compared to other types of pumps that
create the same output.

Centrifugal Pump Disadvantages:

1. They use rotation instead of suction to move water and therefore have
almost no suction power.
2. This means that a centrifugal pump must be put underwater, or primed
before it will move water.

2. Submersible pumps:
 Submersible pumps are completely submerged underwater (or pumped
liquid) and have a hidden motor.

 They are most often used in wells and are very efficient.

 After immersion in water, these pumps do not require priming.

 They are quiet and do not require cavitation

 Make sure that the seal does not corrode

 The water pressure causes the pump to consume less energy and keeps the
engine cool.

 Submersible pumps are subdivided into - Submersible pumps with open

wells and submersible pumps with tubes that are suitable for wells.
 
3. Borewell compressor pumps:
 Well, pumps have been designed to pump water from 600-foot wells.

 Water is drawn up using air pressure and this water is supplied periodically.

 These pumps do not have to be supported by a foot valve.

 They are durable and help in high energy savings.

 Compressor pumps can be further classified as Monoblock and belt-driven.

 
4. Pressure booster pumps:
 Hydrophore pumps are particularly used to increase the pressure of water
supplied to homes.
  Different pumps use different pressure levels and choosing the right one
becomes important in this case because too much pressure can affect the
hydraulic system.

 They are easy to install, and comprehensive devices with a pump, valves,
motor, and sensor ensure maximum comfort.

 They are installed in areas where the water pressure is very low.

 These pumps should be stored in places that do not expose them to freezing.

 The pressure tank integrated into the device provides constant pressure
water through all pipes and is, therefore, most suitable for residential
complexes.

5. Shallow well pumps:

 Shallow good pumps are intended for use in shallow wells mainly in rural
areas.

 Their suction height is up to 8 meters, which allows for high suction

performance.

 They are easy to install and maintain.

 
6. Self-prime regenerative pumps
 The self-filling regenerative pump is designed to have blades rotating inside
the pump to recirculate water back to the impeller base instead of draining it
from the impeller.

 This method is known as re-priming, which helps the pump remove air from
the pipes, making it ideal for use in pipelines.

 The pump does not need an additional foot valve due to recirculation.
General parts of a pump
  Impeller. Impeller is a rotor used to increase the kinetic energy of the flow.
 Casing (Volute). The casing contains the liquid and acts as a pressure
containment vessel that directs the flow of liquid in and out of the centrifugal
pump.
 Shaft (Rotor). The impeller is mounted on a shaft. Shaft  is a mechanical
component for transmitting torque from the motor to the impeller.
 Shaft sealing. Centrifugal pumps are provided with packing rings or mechanical
seal which helps prevent the leakage of the pumped liquid.
 Bearings. Bearings constrain relative motion of the shaft (rotor) and reduce
friction between the rotating shaft and the stator.

3.0 Importance and application of pumps

Booster Pressure Systems typically incorporate one or more pumps, tanks and

control devices. They are designed to maintain adequate water pressure in low
pressure areas, "mid-rise" structures, "high-rise" structures, and facilities that
have a high variance in water demand. Booster pressure systems operate when
the rate of water usage increases and/or the water supply pressure drops below
acceptable levels. These pressure systems are pressure switch, diaphragm tank
Circulation Pumps are used within plumbing systems to circulate special
liquids, liquefied gases and potable water. Circulation pumps are normally
centrifugal but also include turbine pumps.

Centrifugal Pump Application:

1. Centrifugal pumps are used in buildings for pumping the general water
supply, as a booster and for domestic water supplies.
2. The design of a centrifugal pump makes them useful for pumping
sewage and slurries.
 3. They are also used in fire protection systems and for heating and
cooling applications.
4. Beverage industry: Used to transfer juice, bottled water, etc.
5. Dairy industry: Used to transfer dairy products such as milk,
buttermilk, flavoured milk, etc.
6. Various industries (Manufacturing, Industrial, Chemicals,
Pharmaceutical, Food Production, Aerospace, etc.) – for the
purposes of cryogenics and refrigerants.
7. Oil Energy – pumping crude oil, slurry, mud; used by refineries, power
generation plants.

General Applications of pumps

Below are some most popular applications of pumps.
 Pumping water from the wells
 Aquarium and pond filtering
 Water cooling and fuel injection in automobiles
 Pumping oil or gas and operating cooling towers in energy industry
 They also have their uses in waste water recycling, pulp and paper,
chemical industry etc.

4.0 Domestic Pumps Selection Criteria for Bungalow House

Centrifugal Pumps

A centrifugal pump uses an impeller, which has curved blades that accelerate

the fluid outward the when rotating. Impellers are normally driven by an electric
motor or combustion engine, and their movement produces suction at the pump
inlet, pulling water inside.
Based on the type of water flow they produce, centrifugal pumps can be
classified into three sub-types. The flow pattern is determined by both the
impeller shape and the pump’s construction.

SUB-TYPE DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE

Axial Flow Also known as a propeller pump, it produces  water flow High flow rate
Pump along the impeller shaft direction. Low pressure

Radial Flow This pump type produces flow in a direction Low flow rate
Pump perpendicular to the shaft (90° angle). High pressure

Mixed Flow This pump type combines radial and axial flow, Medium flow rate
Pump producing a conical flow pattern around the shaft. Medium pressure

Centrifugal
pumps are the most common type, since they are suitable for handling water and
relatively easy to manufacture. These pumps also tend to have a lower price,
since mass production has brought down their manufacturing cost.

Positive Displacement Pumps

Positive displacement pumps move a fixed amount of fluid at regular intervals.
They are built with internal cavities that fill up at the suction side, to be
discharged with higher pressure at the outlet. Based on how fluid is displaced,
positive displacement pumps can be reciprocating or rotary.

SUB-TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

Reciprocating Flow is established inside a cavity that expands and Bladder

Pump contracts, such as a piston. Water moves into the cavity Diaphragm
 during expansion, and is forced out during contraction,
Peristaltic
while the flow direction is controlled by using check
Piston / plunger
valves.

This pump type uses a rotor that traps water in cavities,

releasing it at the outlet. These cavities can be the spaces
Gear
between gear teeth or screw threads, among other Screw
Rotary Pump configurations. Progressing cav
Some designs use more than one shaft, but the principle is Rotary lobe
the same: the rotor shape is designed to capture “pockets” Rotary vane
of water and displace them in the intended direction.

How Do Centrifugal and Positive Displacement Pumps Compare?

Both pump types move fluids in a specified direction, but accelerating a fluid
continuously is not the same as displacing it in fixed amounts. As a result, there
are important performance differences between both pump types.

PUMP TYPE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PU

When the system exerts a greater Flow is constant, regardless of syste

Effect of system
pressure against the pump, flow is pressure. The pump simply produces
pressure
reduced. more pressure in response.

Effect of fluid A higher fluid viscosity reduces flow A higher fluid viscosity increases fl

viscosity rate, and efficiency drops. rate.

Priming and why it is necessary.

Priming can be defined as the process in which the suction pipe, casing,
delivery pipe up to the delivery valve, which is filled completely with liquid to
be raised from an outside source before starting the motor.

The main reason for priming in the pump is to remove the air from the pump.

The Necessity of Priming is:

If air is not removed from the pump than a small negative pressure is created at
the suction pipe and it can not suck the water from the water sump or reservoir.
So, it is advised to fill the pump with water before starting