Ansys CFD

Training Manual
CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

The Example Problem
Chapter 2
An Example Problem !! Training Manual

• Flow of Air in a 2D duct….
• Objective: Peform laminar analysis of a relatively slow
moving flow and then increase the flow rate dramatically.
Streamlines
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2-2
The Geometry Training Manual

• This is Duct which has a smooth transition to a larger area.
• Units of Length - Inches
– Inlet length 3.0
– Inlet height 0.5
– Transition length 1.0
– Outlet height 1.0
– Outlet length 4.0
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2-3
Properties - Conditions Training Manual

• Use PSI system of units
– Property type is AIR-IN
– Density will be 1.1214E-7 (lbf-s2/in4)
– Viscosity will be 2.6240E-9 (lbf-s/in2)
• Conditions
– Reference Pressure 14.7 psi
– Outlet Pressure 0 psi (relative pressure)
– Default Temperature used : 293K
• Flow
– Velocity of 10 inch/sec -> RE ~ 424 (laminar)
– Note in 2D the hydraulic diameter (used in the Reynolds
Number) is twice the inlet height
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2-4
Set Preferences Training Manual

• Preferences provides a filter to prevent irrelevant information
from being presented….
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2-5
Establish Element Type Training Manual

• Main Menu: Preprocessor-> Element Type->Add/Edit/Delete
2 - Choose
1- Add
4 - Close 3 - OK 001312
30 Nov 1999
2-6
Geometry - Create Inlet/Outlet Regions Training Manual

• Preprocessor>Modeling>Create Areas> Rectangle (By
Dimensions)
• First
– X1=0,X2=3
– Y1=0,Y2=0.5
– Click Apply
• Second
– X1=4,X2=8
– Y1=0,Y2=1
– Click OK
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2-7
The Two Rectangles Training Manual

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2-8
Transition Region Between Them Training Manual

• Create a smooth transition line between the two
• Preprocessor>Modeling>Create Lines (Tangent to 2 Lines)
• Follow the Instructions carefully in the resulting PICKERS
– There will be four successive choices
• Check your result with the following page….
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2-9
The Smooth Transition Line Training Manual

• Tangency to two lines requires choosing the proper
endpoints…..
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2-10
The Transition Area Training Manual

• Preprocessor>Modeling>Create> Area >Arbitrary
• Choose 4 keypoints in response to the PICKER, then OK
3
4
1 2
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2-11
Geometry is Finished!! Training Manual

Area Plot
Line Plot
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2-12
Boundary Conditions Training Manual

• Use Solid Model Boundary Conditions
– Do not require require re-application upon re-meshing
• Preprocessor>Loads>Apply>Velocity> Lines
• We will apply Velocities and Pressures
– Inlets are Velocity or Pressure

– Outlets are Pressure
– Walls: Velocities are zero
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2-13
The Boundary Conditions Training Manual

• These boundary conditions are typical
• Proper condition at boundary intersections is determined by
FLOTRAN
Walls
Walls Outlet
Inlet: PRES = 0
VX=10,VY=0
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2-14
Solid Model Boundary Conditions Training Manual

• Example for 4 - Input Values,
Walls Do Endpoints of lines…OK
1-Lines
3-OK 2-Pick These 6 Lines
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2-15
Remaining Boundaries. Training Manual

• Note that leaving a blank DOES NOT result in a zero condition
being applied..
Inlet
Outlet
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2-16
Control of the Display Training Manual

This is a line plot after application of the
Boundary Conditions
To prevent display of these symbols:

Utility Menu: PlotCtrls>Symbols…
Choose NONE and OK
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30 Nov 1999
2-17
Preparation for Meshing Training Manual

• Use the Mesh Tool
– Size Controls, Lines, Set
• PICKER shows up and you choose the lines,OK
– Set the number of divisions and the ratio, OK
• Use these settings for line divisions Line Divisions

• Lines NDIV Ratio
• Transverse direction 12 -3
• Inlet Region - flow direction 16 -2
• Transition - flow direction 10 1
• Outlet - flow direction 18 2
• See next page for Mesh tool!

SAVE Database Before Meshing….
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2-18
Mesh Tool Training Manual

2 - Choose Lines
Use FLIP
1
if Line Bias
is reversed
3 - OK
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2-19
Element Size Box Training Manual

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2-20
Proper Line Divisions Training Manual

• Four Different Groups of Lines must be done for this
problem…
• Remember to flip one of the outlet lines
• Generally, Avoid large adjacent element size changes
• The Four lines in the Y direction are the transverse lines
• Inlet Lines Transition Outlet Lines (Flipped!)
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2-21
Meshing Step Training Manual

• Use the Mesh Tool
– 1: Choose Areas
– 2: Mapped
– 3: Quad
– 4: Mesh
• PICKER comes up 1
– Pick All
3
• (Meshing Occurs)
• 5: Close Meshtool 2
5
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2-22
Now You Have a Mesh! Training Manual

Picture Made with Reverse Video
(PlotCtrls>Style>Color>ReverseVideo
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2-23
Now for the FLOTRAN Input Training Manual

• Enter FLOTRAN Setup through PREP7
or Solution
• (Depending on Program Setup, you
may need to access “Unabridged
Menu”)
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2-24
FLOTRAN Setup Training Manual

• We will be making changes to these portions of the Menu.
NOW - Our Initial Analysis
LATER - Follow On Work
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2-25
Execution Control Training Manual

• Choose 50 Global
Iterations to Start with
– We are not relying on the
automatic termination
criterion based on
problem convergence
OK!
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2-26
Fluid Properties Training Manual

• Choose AIR-IN for the
property type for
Density and Viscosity
using scroll down
menu….
• OK
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2-27
Resulting Screen (click OK) Training Manual

(Thermal conductivity and Specific Heat not needed)
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2-28
Flow Environment Training Manual

• Reference Conditions are
found as a subset:
• Pressure: 14.7Psi
• Nominal Temperature:
70F
• Offset Temperature: 460R
• OK!
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30 Nov 1999
2-29
FLOTRAN Execution Training Manual

• Done in SOLUTION:
• Run FLOTRAN
• Execute 50 iterations, look at

the results and then run 50
more…
• Convergence monitors
indicate the normalized rate
of change of the solution
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2-30
Convergence Monitors Training Manual

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2-31
More Convergence Monitors
Training Manual

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2-32
Post-Processing Training Manual

• FLOTRAN Post-Processing is fairly typical of ANSYS
– Explicity read in a set of results (not automatically loaded)
• Velocity Vectors
• Nodal Solution Plots
– Solid Color
– Line Contours
• Path Plots
• Particle Traces
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2-33
Velocity Vectors Training Manual

• Plot Results>Predefined Vector Plot..OK
(Use this for Nodal

Solution Plots….)
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2-34
Vectors - Typical Training Manual

50 Global Iterations
after 100 Global Iterations
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2-35
Nodal Results Plotting Training Manual

• Show up as solid color plots or lines depending on the device
chosen
– Utility Menu>Plot Ctrls>Device Options
• Shading or Contours
• Choose DOF
• OK
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2-36
Pressures (50, 100 Global Iterations) Training Manual

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2-37
Results Training Manual

• We can’t tell the difference between the velocity vector plots,
but it looks like the pressures have changed slightly.
• We also notice that the Convergence Monitors (Normalized
rate of change of each DOF) have leveled off….
– This implies solution is slightly oscillatory
• We will modify the input slightly, choosing the SUPG

(Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin) formulation for the
momentum equations…
– The SUPG algorithm is less diffusive and more accurate (but
sometimes less robust) than the default algorithm (MSU -
Monotone Streamline Upwind Method)
• Also, set the number of Global Iterations to 100

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2-38
Changing Advection Training Manual

• FLOTRAN Setup > Advection
OK!
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2-39
Convergence with SUPG Training Manual

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2-40

• We could continue, but you get the idea...
• Use of SUPG has given enhanced convergence.
• We should expect a less diffusive solution, and so the re-
circulation region may be better defined.
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2-41
Comparison of Vectors at 100, 200 GI Training Manual

Vectors at 200 GI show more extensive recirculation
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2-42
Path Plots Training Manual

• Look at the profile of VX along the outlet
• Procedure -Path Operations

– Define Path by Nodes
• Choose Nodes on either corner of the outlet
– Map Onto Path
• Choose VX and label it
– Plot
• On graph
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2-43
Set up the Path Plot Training Manual

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2-44
Path plot Training Manual
• Pick the corner nodes

• OK
• Name the Path
• OK
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2-45
Path plot - Still More Training Manual

• Read and dismiss the PDEF (path definition) box
• Map Onto Path, Choose VX, Give it a Name, OK
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2-46
Path Plot - Almost Done Training Manual

• -Plot Path Item on Graph
• Choose DOF, OK
• And Then…...
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2-47
Path Plot of the Outlet Velocity! Training Manual

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2-48
Some Discussion Training Manual

• Modify the line colors as needed with the Utility Menu
– PlotCtrls>Style>Colors>Graphs
• Modify the plot controls as needed with Utility Menu

– PlotCtrls>Style>Graphs
• Result
– Fully developed flow would show the outlet velocity profile as a
perfect parabola
– Therefore, the problem domain could be lengthened to provide
room for more flow development
– Check the Mass Balance
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2-49
The Print File Training Manual

• Use the Utility Menu to Look at the bottom of the jobname.pfl
file
• List > Files> Other> (choose jobname.pfl file)
• Scan to the bottom
• Mass balance looks good!!!
• (If you had forgotten to put a No-Slip Boundary condition
somewhere, there would be another outlet listed….)
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30 Nov 1999
2-50
Massless Particle traces Training Manual

• Particle traces are based on the velocity field, not the stream
function.
• For a steady state, perfectly converged problem on a perfect
mesh, the streamlines and particle trace plots would be
identical.
• Procedure: Plot Results>Flow Traces
– Define trace points with PICKER
– Plot Flow Traces
• Optionally color code trace with
• the value of a DOF
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30 Nov 1999
2-51
Trace Points Training Manual

• The points defined on the Working Plane
– Ensure, for 3D models, that the WP is correctly located!
• The resolution of the trace point location is controlled by the

currently set Snap Increment (Working plane controls)
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2-52
Particle Trace Training Manual

• Color Code According to PRES (or something else!)
• Note Maximum number of loops allowd
• OK
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2-53
Particle Trace Training Manual

• The maximum number of loops is exceeded in the
recirculation region. Close the box
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2-54
New Analysis Training Manual

• Increase the velocity from 10 to 200 (no other changes)
– This makes the Reynolds Number ~8500
• Solve the problem

– Very Shortly you will get a message that either the solution has
diverged or that a negative value has been encountered in the
coefficient matrix main diagonal.
• This is because the flow is now in the turbulence regime and

a laminar solution will be unstable.
• So activate the turbulence model and again solve.
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2-55
FLOTRAN Solution Options Training Manual

• Activate Turbulence with Scroll Down Menu Option,OK
• SOLVE
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2-56

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2-57
Turbulent Flow Results Training Manual

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2-58
Discussion Training Manual

• Note that the maximum value of pressure is no longer at the
inlet. It has moved to the outlet !!!
• Consider Bernoulli’s equation and note that in our new,
higher velocity problem the relative importance of the
viscosity has decreased.
– The recoverable pressure due to the velocity change now
dramatically outweighs the viscous losses.
V12 V22
P1   ρgh 1  P2   ρgh 2  Punrec
2g c 2g c
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2-59
New Outlet Velocity Profile Training Manual

• A Fully developed flow would have the maximum value in the
center. This implies we should make the problem domain
longer….
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30 Nov 1999
2-60
Another New Analysis - Extend the
Problem Training Manual

• Outline of the steps required
– Add another rectangle to the outlet
• Try 15 additional inches
• Remember to Merge Keypoints
– Revise boundary conditions
• Delete old pressure boundary
• Pressure on new boundary
• Walls
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2-61
New Geometry Training Manual

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2-62
Completing the New Geometry Training Manual

• Preprocessor>Numbering Ctrls>Merge Items> Keypoints
As expected, the meshed line is kept
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30 Nov 1999
2-63
New Boundary Conditions Training Manual

• Preprocessor>Loads>Delete>
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30 Nov 1999
2-64
New Boundary Conditions Training Manual

• Add the walls as done previously
• Assign Zero pressure to the outlet line as done previously
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2-65
Mesh the New Outlet Area Training Manual

• Use the Mesh tool to copy the transverse
direction assignment to the new outlet
boundary.
• PICKER asks for the line to be copied from
(pick andOK) and then the line to be copied to
(pick and OK).
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2-66
Set Divisions Along Outlet Training Manual

• Flip the line after setting (when necessary)
• Then Mesh the New Area as in previous fashion

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2-67
The Mesh Training Manual

• Note that the symbols shown are the previously transferred
Nodal Boundary Conditions. The solid model boundary
conditions don’t show up on an element plot.
• The complete mesh with the symbols turned off..
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30 Nov 1999
2-68
Execute Training Manual

• Note that if you have not changed the jobname, FLOTRAN
will provide a notice to the effect that it has renamed the old
results file to jobname.rfo
– This occurs because the number of nodes and elements in the
case has changed.
– Other files such as the jobname.pfl are appended to, even
though this is a new analysis
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2-69

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2-70
Convergence Monitors - more
Training Manual

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2-71

• Two representations of pressure, the second in the vector
mode with 128 contours.
• Note that the pressure drop, once the flow has recovered, is
very small.
• We expect a good outlet velocity profile.
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2-72
Recirculation Region Training Manual

• The recirculation region is captured
despite the relatively coarse mesh.
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2-73
Benefits of Extension Training Manual

• The lines are superimposed onto the new velocity vector plot.
It is clear that the flow is continuing to develop past the
original boundary of the problem.
Old Outlet
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2-74
Outlet Velocity Profile Training Manual

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2-75
Final Check of Transverse Velocity Training Manual

• The flow is very close to fully developed. The following plot
of the transverse velocities at the outlet provides a measure
of how close it is. Note the scale. The maximum transverse
velocity is 0.11.
End of
Problem!
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30 Nov 1999
2-76

Ansys CFD

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Training Manual

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

• Check your result with the following page….

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

• We will apply Velocities and Pressures

– Inlets are Velocity or Pressure

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

3-OK 2-Pick These 6 Lines

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

To prevent display of these symbols:

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

• Use these settings for line divisions Line Divisions

• See next page for Mesh tool!

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

NOW - Our Initial Analysis

LATER - Follow On Work

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

• Execute 50 iterations, look at

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

(Use this for Nodal

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

after 100 Global Iterations

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

• We will modify the input slightly, choosing the SUPG

• Also, set the number of Global Iterations to 100

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

• Procedure -Path Operations

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

• Pick the corner nodes

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN

CFD Analysis with ANSYS/FLOTRAN