DCC50222 : HYDRAULICS

INTRODUCTION

• Pump is a hydraulic machine that converts mechanical / electricity energy

to the water energy. Fluids are used as materials for the work. So that
pump is defined as a mechanical device that rotates or reciprocates to
move fluid from one place to another.
• Turbine is a machine that converts water energy to electricity / mechanical
energy.
• Pumps must have a mechanism to operates them and consume energy to
perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. The activating mechanism is
often reciprocating or rotary.
• Pumps may be operated in many ways, including manual operation,
electricity, an engine of some type, or wind action.
 PUMP FUNCTIONS
1. Remove water from the source, such as a river, lake, reservoir,
well, spring or muskeg pond
2. Move water from treatment plant to distribution system or
reservoir.
3. Circulate water through a distribution system
4. Circulate glycol through a heat exchanger or heating loop
5. Pump chemical to the system
 PUMP SELECTION FACTORS
The following factors influence the choice of pump for a particular
operation:
1. The quantity of liquid to be handled
This primarily affects the size of the pump and determines whether
it is desirable to use a number of pumps in parallel.

2. The head against which the liquid is to be pumped

This will be determined by the difference in pressure, the vertical
height of the downstream and upstream reservoirs and by the
frictional losses which occur in the delivery line. The suitability of a
centrifugal pump and the number of stages required will largely be
determined by this factor.
3. The nature of the liquid to be pumped
For a given throughput, the viscosity largely determines the
frictional losses and hence the power required. The corrosive
nature will determine the material of construction both for the
pump and the packing. With suspensions, the clearance in the
pump must be large compared with the size of the particles.
4. The nature of power supply
If the pump is to be driven by an electric motor or internal
combustion engine, a high-speed centrifugal or rotary pump
will be preferred as it can be coupled directly to the motor.
5. If the pump is used only intermittently
corrosion troubles are more likely than with continuous working.
PUMP CLASSIFICATIONS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP

• .
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
• Positive displacement pumps create flow, In a Positive
displacement pump, flow is created by enclosing a volume at
suction, moving it to discharge, and releasing it. In this system, a
Positive displacement pump would be less efficient.
• Positive displacement pumps operate on a different principle
than centrifugal pumps. Positive displacement pumps physically
entrap a quantity of liquid at the suction of the pump and push
that quantity out the discharge of the pump.
• Positive displacement pumps can be grouped into three basic
categories based on their design and operation. The three
groups are reciprocating pumps, rotary pumps, and diaphragm
pumps.
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
Positive Displacement Pump Applications
i. Chemical-processing
ii. Liquid Delivery
iii. Marine
iv. Biotechnology
v. Pharmaceutical
vi. Food
vii.Dairy
viii.Beverage Processing
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT ADVANTAGES
i. Versatile
ii. Compact Design
iii. High-Viscosity Performance
iv. Continuous Flow Regardless of Differential
v. Pressure
vi. Ability to Handle High Differential Pressure
RECIPROCATING PUMP
ROTARY PUMP
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
• Centrifugal pumps are classified as rotodynamic type of pumps in which
dynamic pressure is developed which enables the lifting of liquids from a
lower to a higher level

• A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a rotating shaft and enclosed

in a casing an having an inlet and discharge connection. The rotating
impeller create pressure in the liquid by the velocity derived from
centrifugal force.

• Centrifugal pumps can be grouped into three basic categories based on

rotation and water delivered. The three groups are axial flow, radial
flow and mixed flow pumps.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ADVANTAGES
i. The main advantage of a centrifugal pump is that its
discharging capacity is very much greater than a
reciprocating pump which can handle relatively small
quantity of liquid only.

ii. Centrifugal pump can be operated at very high speeds

without any danger of separation and cavitation.

iii. The maintenance cost of a centrifugal pump is low and only

periodical check up is sufficient . But for a reciprocating
pump the maintenance cost is high because the parts such as
valves etc., may need frequent replacement.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP COMPONENT PARTS
• The main component parts of a centrifugal pump are:
i. Impeller
ii. Casing
iii. Suction pipe
iv. Delivery pipe
v. Motor
vi. Valve
AXIAL FLOW PUMP
• In an axial flow impeller the vane surfaces are perpendicular to the axis of
rotation.
• On most pumps the axis of rotation is the pump shaft. Flow strictly parallels
this axis of rotation.
• The liquid enters the pump inlet axially and discharges nearly axially. This
means the flow enters the impeller and keeps on going straight through,
parallel to the shaft.
• Pumps that use these types of impellers are sometimes called propeller
pumps.
• They may be likened to a propeller spinning in a length of tube. Axial flow
pumps operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial
flow pumps.
AXIAL FLOW PUMP
 RADIAL FLOW PUMP
• On a radial flow impeller the vane surfaces are generated by straight
lines parallel to the axis of rotation. On most pumps the axis of rotation
is the pump shaft.
• Flow strictly follows a line perpendicular to this axis of rotation. The
liquid enters the impeller at the hub and flow radially to the periphery.
• In other words, the liquid enters the impeller and makes a 90° turn and
runs parallel to the vanes until it exits the impeller at the vane tips..
• Often simply referred to as centrifugal pumps. The fluid enters along the
axial plane, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to
the shaft (radially). Radial flow pumps operate at higher pressures and
lower flow rates than axial and mixed flow pumps.
RADIAL FLOW PUMP
 MIXED FLOW PUMP
• In a mixed flow impeller the vane surfaces have both an axial and
radial component. Flow follows this mix of components with axial and
radial movement.
• Flow enters the pump axially and discharges in an axial and radial
direction.
• Mixed flow pumps, as the name suggests, function as a compromise
between radial and axial flow pumps, the fluid experiences both
radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between
0–90 degrees from the axial direction.
• As a consequence mixed flow pumps operate at higher pressures than
axial flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial flow
pumps.
• The exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge
characteristic in relation to radial and mixed flow.
MIXED FLOW PUMP
• A mixed flow pump combines characteristics of
centrifugal and axial pumps. The Blades of mixed flow
pump are inclined such that they drive the fluid in both
radial and axial directions. Mixed flow pump rotors can
be mounted in a tube similar to typical axial pumps, or
mounted in a volute similar to typical centrifugal pumps.
COMPARISON
Rotodynamic
1. Simple in construction.
2. Can operate at high speed and hence compact.
3. Suitable for large volumes of discharge at moderate pressures in a single stage.
4. Lower maintenance requirements.
5. Delivery is smooth and continuous.

Positive Displacement
1. More complex, consists of several moving parts.
2. Speed is limited by the higher inertia of the moving parts and the fluid.
3. Suitable for fairly low volumes of flow at high pressures.
4. Higher maintenance cost.
5. Fluctuating flow.
 POWER AND EFFICIENCY OF PUMP
• Existing pumping systems can provide an excellent opportunity for
efficiency improvements, because pump system designs are sometimes
difficult to optimize before installation. In addition, design efforts are
sometimes focused on minimizing capital costs or the chances of
system failure. As a result, energy and maintenance costs may not be
fully considered.
• Improvements in efficiency of pumping systems can also:
i. reduce energy costs
ii. reduce maintenance requirements
iii. more closely match pumping system capacity to
iv. production requirements.
System efficiency incorporates the efficiencies of the pump, motor,
and other system components
 MEASURING PUMP EFFICIENCY
1. Traditional Technique
• For critical pumps, efficiency could be continuously monitored using
ammeters to measure drive motor current, inlet and outlet pressure
gauges,
2. Thermodynamic Technique
• Using the installation of temporary pressure probes and sensitive
temperature probes capable of measuring. Together, with a
measure of the power used by the pump, the flow rate can be
calculated.

• Normally, the pump efficiency will never reach 100%. therefore,

the output power of the pump is less than the input power.
POWER AND EFFICIENCY OF PUMP

Po = ρ g Q H
Where is:
Po = Power output (Watt)
Q = flow rate (m3/s)
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3)
g = gravity (9.81 m/s2)
H = Head (m)
 Pi = 2 π N τ
Where is
• Pi = Power input (Watt)
• τ = Torque measured on the shaft ( Nm )
• N = Pump rotation (rpm) /60sec

η = Po x 100%
Pi
Where is η = efficiency
 EXAMPLE 1:
A centrifugal pump was pumping water at a
temperature of 250C with a rate of 0.8m3/s. Head
produced is 6.4m when the impeller rotates at 1500
revolutions per minute (rpm). Drive shaft torque (T) is
420Nm. Calculate the efficiency of the pump.

• (Ans : Po = 50,227.2, Pi = 65973.5, η : 76.13%)

 EXAMPLE 2:
A pump has a 1.46kW of power use to operate on a Head of air
flowing 25m at 3.1 m3/s. Determine The efficiency of the pump
operation. Given the density of air is 1.25 kg/m3.
(Answer: Po= 950.34Watt , η= 65.09%)

EXAMPLE 3:
In an experiment using a pump, it was found that the water flows at
a rate of 7 m3/min, when relevant head is 6 meters. If the pump
efficiency is at 72%, determine the power of the motor on the pump
used.
(Answer: 9564.75watt)
 EXAMPLE 4
In a centrifugal pump experiment found that the head
developed is 7m when water flowed at a rate of 1 m3/s.
Pump runs at 1500rpm and 500Nm of torque shaft.
Calculate the efficiency of the pump.
(Answer : 87.43%)

EXAMPLE 5
A pump is used to deliver water at a Head of 15m. If the
pump power used is 150kWatt and flow rate charged is
found to be 1.5m3/s. Determine that the pump is suitable
for pumping water at this altitude.
(H= 10.19m, not suitable)
 PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of a pump can be described by RELATION OF
DISCHARGE / FLOWRATE (Q) between parameters below:
i. Head Of pump (H)
ii. Efficiency (η )
iii. Power (P)
iv. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
CHARACTERISTICS CURVE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVE
 OPTIMUM POINT
Pump is designed to operate with
maximum efficiency. Power input , Pi,
Flow rate, Q and Head, H
that produces maximum efficiency is
called the optimum power input,
Optimum Flow rate and optimum
Head.
 OPTIMUM POINT

Optimum
efficiency

Optimum
Head

Optimum
Flowrate
 EXAMPLE 6 :
A pump has the following characteristics at 1800rpm speed.
Specify the head (Hopt) the flowrate (Qopt)at the optimal point.

H (m) Q x 10-6 ( m3/s) η (%)

2.6 36 47

2.35 56 66

2.10 70 76

1.85 83 81

1.60 94 79

1.35 102 67

1.1 109 55
 90

80

70

60
efficiency, %

50

40 η (%)

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Flow Rate, Q x 10-6 m3/s
SERIES AND PARALLEL PUMP
• Pumps are choosen for particular requirement. The
requirements are not constant as per example the pressure
required for flow through a piping system. As flow
increases, the pressure required increases.
• In the case of the pump as flow increases, the head
decreases. The operating condition will be the meeting
point of the two curves representing the variation of head
required by the system and the variation of head of the
pump. The operating condition decides about the capacity
of the pump or selection of the pump.
• If in a certain setup, there is a need for increased load; either a
completely new pump may be chosen. This may be costlier as
well as complete revamping of the setup. An additional pump
can be the alternate choice. If the head requirement increases
the old pump and the new pump can operate in series. In case
more flow is required the old pump and the new pump will
operate in parallel. There are also additional advantages in
two pump operation. When the Pump-load characteristics
 PUMPS IN SERIES
• Centrifugal pumps generate a relatively low head delivering a
fairly high rate of discharge. Normally a pump with a single
impeller can be used to deliver the required discharge against a
maximum head of about 100m. But if the liquid is required to be
delivered against a still larger head then it can be done by using
two or more pumps in series.
• If the required head is more than that can be provided by one
pump, the pumps are connected in series. The same discharge
passes through both pumps but the head developed by one pump
add the other. The total head developed is obtained by adding
together the value of the head of each pump corresponding to the
relevant discharge.
 Qs = QA = QB

Hs = HA + HB

Ps = PA + PB

s = HA + HB .
(HA/A) + (HB/ B)
PUMPS IN PARALLEL
• The multi-stage pumps or the pumps in series as described earlier
are employed for delivering a relatively small quantity of liquid
against very high heads. However, when a large quantity of
liquid is required to be pumped against a relatively small head,
then it may not be possible for a single pump to deliver the
required discharge.
• In such cases two or more pumps are used which are so arranged
that each of these pumps working separately lift the liquid from
a common sump and deliver it to a common collecting pipe
through which it is carried to the required height Fig.6.7. Since in
this case each of the pumps deliver the liquid against the same
head, the arrangement is known as pumps in parallel
• Fig.6.7 Two centrifugal pumps arranged in parallel
• Hp = H A = H B
•
• Qp = QA + QB
•
• Pp = PA + PB

• = QA + QB _
• (QA/A) + (QB/ B)
 EXAMPLE 7 :

Based on the data given below, determine the head and efficiency
when two pumps operating in series.
Q ( m3/s) H1 (m) H2 (m) η1 (%) η 2 (%)

0.3 8 13 0 0
0.7 8.2 13.4 15 18
1.0 8.3 13.2 32 39
1.5 8.25 13.6 42 61
1.8 7.9 13.3 54 52
2.0 7.7 13 58 65
2.2 7.5 12.8 60 68
2.5 7.25 12.3 59 70
3.0 6.8 11.6 46 55
 EXAMPLE 7 :

Answer:
Q ( m3/s) H1 (m) H2 (m) η1 (%) η 2 (%) H (m) η (%)

0.3 8 13 0 0 21 0
0.7 8.2 13.4 15 18 21.6 16.73
1.0 8.3 13.2 32 39 21.5 35.96
1.5 8.25 13.6 42 61 21.85 52.10
1.8 7.9 13.3 54 52 21.2 52.73
2.0 7.7 13 58 65 20.7 62.21
2.2 7.5 12.8 60 68 20.3 64.81
2.5 7.25 12.3 59 70 19.55 65.47
3.0 6.8 11.6 46 55 18.4 51.29
 EXAMPLE 8 :

Table 8 below are the data for flow rate, head and efficiency for
the two pumps connected in parallel. Determine the head and
efficiency of pumps
H ( m) Q1 (m3/s) Q2 (m3/s) η1 (%) η2 (%)

20 - 0 0 0
19 0.50 0.60 20 18
17 0.55 0.68 48 44
16 0.60 0.70 55 52
13 0.72 0.73 63 60
10 0.81 0.76 58 53
9 0.85 0.77 38 35
 ANSWER

H ( m) Q1 (m3/s) Q2 (m3/s) η1 (%) η2 (%) Q (m3/s) η (%)

20 - 0 0 0 0 0
19 0.50 0.60 20 18 1.10 18.9
17 0.55 0.68 48 44 1.23 45.7
16 0.60 0.70 55 52 1.30 53.3
13 0.72 0.73 63 60 1.45 61.5
10 0.81 0.76 58 53 1.57 55.5
9 0.85 0.77 38 35 1.62 36.5

η = 61.5%, H = 13m, Q= 1.45m3/s

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

TANK B

TANK A

Figure 6
Introduction
• A water supply system as shown in figure 6, the water is pumped from tank A to tank B.
• It is unlikely that a centrifugal pump bought will satisfy exactly your flow requirement.
• The flow rate that you obtain depends on the physical characteristics of your system such as friction
which depends on the length and size of the pipes and elevation difference which depends on the
building and location.
• The pump manufacturer has no means of knowing what these constraints will be. This is why buying a
centrifugal pump is more complicated than buying a positive displacement pump which will provide its
rated flow no matter what system you install it in.

The main factors that affect the flow rate of a centrifugal pump are:
1. friction, which depends on the length of pipe and the diameter

2. static head, which depends on the difference of the pipe end discharge height vs. the suction tank fluid
surface height

3. fluid viscosity, if the fluid is different than water.

THE STEPS TO SELECT A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP FOR THE
SYSTEM ARE:
1. Determine the flow rate (Q)

2. Determine the static head (Hstk)

3. Determine the friction head (Hf)

4. Calculate the System head /total head

(HTotal)

5. Select the pump

Static Head (Hstk)
• Usually the liquid is displaced from a suction tank to a
discharge tank. The suction tank fluid provides pressure
energy to the pump suction which helps the pump.
• The static head is then the difference in height of the
discharge tank fluid surface minus the suction tank fluid
surface. Static head is sometimes called total static
head to indicate that the pressure energy available on
both sides of the pump has been considered.
FRICTION HEAD (HF)
• Friction head is the amount of energy loss due to friction of the fluid moving
through pipes and fittings. It takes a force to move the fluid against friction, in the
same way that a force is required to lift a weight. The force is exerted in the
same direction as the moving liquid and energy is expended. In the same way
that head was calculated to lift a certain weight, the friction head is calculated
with the force required to overcome friction times the displacement (pipe length)
divided by the weight of fluid displaced.

Hf = fLQ2
Where : 3d5
f = friction coefficient
L = Total of pipe length
Q = Flowrate
d = Pipe diameter
SYSTEM/TOTAL HEAD
(HTOTAL)
• The total head is the sum of the static head and the
friction head.

HTotal = Hstk + Hf
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS CURVE
EXAMPLE 9
In a pump test, centrifugal pump has given a performance
data as shown on Table 5 below, when it was on operating
required speed is 1500rpm.
Flowrate, Q (m3/s) 0.075 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300

Acceleration pump, H (m) 70 68 64 58 49

Inlet power, Pi (Kw) 97 127 147 163 170

This pump should carry out water from tank A to tank B with a
different height of water level which is 60m and using a pipe
with 300mm of diameter ( f = 0.006 ) and 120m length.
Calculate the flow rate and the efficiency of pump on this
system. Ignore a few acceleration losses.
 Hstm = Hstk + Hf
= 60 + fLQ2/3d5
= 60 + 0.006 (120 ) Q2/ 3 ( 0.3 )5
Hstm = 60 + 98.765Q2

Discharge/ flow rate (m3/s) 0.075 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300

Pump Acceleration (m) 70 68 64 58 49

Inlet power, Pi(Kw) 97 127 147 163 170
Hstm (m) 60.56 62.22 63.95 66.173 68.89
Plotted graph characteristic of system
• Acceleration Pump verses Discharge / flow rate
• Acceleration system verses Discharge / flow rate
• Inlet power verses Discharge / flow rate

From the graph characteristic of system, found that:

Q operation = 0.203 m3/s
H operation = 64 m
Pi operation = 146 KW

Therefore: η = Po / Pi x 100%
Where: Po = ρ g H Q
= 1000 x 9.81 x 64 x 0.2
= 125568 watt
Po = 125.568 KW
η = ( 125.568/ 146 ) x 100%
η = 86 %
 EXAMPLE 10
Characteristics of a centrifugal pump at a constant velocity are as
follows;

Flow rate, Q (m3/s) 0 0.17 0.24 0.30 0.39 0.5

Pump Head, H (m) 20 19 18 17 14.5 10

Pump is used to pump water up to 10m with a diameter of 20cm and a

length of pipe 105m. If the friction factor, f, is 0.0005, determine;
a) Discharge and pump Head at the operating point
b) The increase in flow rate and pump head if two pumps are installed;
i. parallel
ii. serial
EXAMPLE 11
A study of a pump has produced data in the table below:

Flow rate, Q (m3/s) 0.016 0.0224 0.0272 0.0304 0.0384

Pump Head, H (m) 9.6 8.8 7.5 6.2 1.0
Efficiency, η (%) 86 96 90 81 48

Pipe diameter used is 20cm and 937.5m length. The

coefficient of friction, f = 0.004 and tank level differences
(static head) is 4.0m. Determine the flow rate, Pump Head
and the efficiency at the operating point.
• Ans: Qop = 0.0283m3/s, Hop = 7.1m, η = 87.5%
CAVITATION IN HYDRAULIC MACHINES
• If at any point in the flow has the pressure in the liquid
is reduced to its vapors pressure, the liquid will then
will boil at that point and bubbles of vapors will form.
As the fluid flows into a region of higher pressure the
bubbles of vapors will suddenly condense or collapse.
This action produces very high dynamic pressure upon
the adjacent solid walls and since the action is
continuous and has a high frequency the material in
that zone will be damaged.
CAVITATION EFFECTS ON A PUMP
• Turbine runners and pump impellers are often severely
damaged by such action. The process is called cavitation and
the damage is called cavitation damage. In order to avoid
cavitation, the absolute pressure at all points should be above
the vapors pressure.
• Cavitation can occur in the case of reaction turbines at the
turbine exit or draft tube inlet where the pressure may be below
atmospheric level. In the case of pumps such damage may occur
at the suction side of the pump, where the absolute pressure is
generally below atmospheric level.
• In addition to the damage to the runner cavitation results in
undesirable vibration noise and loss of efficiency. The flow will
be disturbed from the design conditions.
PREVENTIVE ACTION TO AVOID CAVITATION
- In reaction turbines the most likely place for cavitation
damage is the back sides of the runner blades near
their trailing edge.

-The critical factor in the installation of reaction turbines

is the vertical distance from the runner to the tailrace
level.

- For high specific speed propeller units it may be

desirable to place the runner at a level lower than the
tailrace level.