LECTURE 7: PUMPS AND PUMP

DESIGN
At the end of this lecture , the student must be able
to explain the following
1. The meaning of a water pumps
2. Purposes of a pump in water supply
3. Types of pumps
4. Classifications of pumps
5. Design of pump/ and pump curve
6. Common operational problems of pumps
7. Maintenances of a pump
 PUMP
A Pump is a mechanical device using electricity
or fuel like diesel to increase the
pressure/energy of a liquids in order for such
liquids to flow from lower elevations to higher
elevations. The source of energy of a pump may
be electricity or fuel like diesel. It is an
electromechanical device capable of converting
electrical energy to mechanical/potential energy
of a fluid/liquids.
 Purposes of a pump in water supply
projects
There are two major purposes for using a pump
1. Used to raise water from the intake /rivers to water treatment
plants (This is common in places where the water source adopted
for supply is river. In most cases, the river is always located at
lower elevations and water treatment plants is located in a
relatively far distances, higher than the source, and pump is
required to pump such raw water to treatment plant)
2. A pump may be used just to increase the pressure in the existing
distribution system. And this kind of pump is called a Booster
Pump
3. A pump may be used to pump water from the distribution to a
storage tank of an individual building. This happens in an
elevated Tanks
 Purposes of a pump in water supply
projects
• Generally, the main purpose of any pumping
plant and pumping system is to lift water from
a lower to a higher level.
 PUMP CLASSIFICATION AND
CHARACTERISTICS
Pump Classification
Although there are a wide range of pumps available
for numerous applications the generally fall into two
major groups. These are:
1. Rotodynamic Pumps (Centrifugal &Peripheral).
2. Positive Displacement Pumps (Rotary &
Reciprocating)
 Rotodynamic Pumps
• Rotodynamic pumps are essentially rotary
machines in which energy is continuously imparted
to the pumped liquid by a rotating impeller or rotor
and consist of three types: Centrifugal, Peripheral
and Special Pumps as indicated in the diagram
below:
• Pumps can also be categorized as surface pumps
and submersible pumps.
Illustration of a rotodynamic pump
Real image of a rotodynamic
Drawing of a centrifugal pump pump
TYPES OF ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS
 Rotodynamic-centrifugal
Centrifugal pump-is one of the rotodynamic pump
which uses rotational energy to lift water from one
point to another. Components of the centrifugal
pumps are;
1.Pump casing- protect the inner parts of the pump
but converts velocity to discharges
2.Impeller vanes –which rotates to generates
velocity
3.Suction pipe- to draw-off water from wet-well to
other point
 How centrifugal pumps works
• The liquid enters the impeller eye and acquires
energy in the form of velocity as it passes though
the impeller passages. The velocity head is
converted into pressure head by the volute or
spiral shaped outer casing of the pump which
directs the liquid from the outer perimeter of the
impeller to the pump discharge
 How centrifugal pumps works
• A well designed centrifugal pump, suitable for purpose,
should achieve around 80% efficiency with not more
than 20% losses in energy conversion, bearing friction
and hydraulic losses.
• Efficiency of the pump depends on several factors
including size and flow rate, with efficiency generally
increasing with size. However, efficiency drops from
time to time due to wear and tear as well as aging of
the pump and frequent uses or poor operations.
 Common types of centrifugal pumps
1. Radial Flow Impellers.(if fluid flows radially)
2. Mixed Flow Impellers.if liquids flows in a
mixed direction
3. Axial Flow Impellers.if liquids flows in axial
direction
4. Overhung Impeller Type
 Common types of centrifugal pumps
Type of centrifugal pump Definition of each Diagram
Radial Flow Impellers The liquid enters the impeller
axially and discharges radially,
in effect changing its
direction by 90o. In this case
the head developed is due to
the centrifugal force exerted
on the fluid by the impeller
Mixed Flow Impellers The liquid enters the impeller
axially and discharges in both
axial and radial directions. In
this case the head developed
is the result of a combination
of the centrifugal force and
the lift produced by the vanes
on the liquid.
 Common types of centrifugal pumps
Types of centrifugal pumps Definition Diagram
Axial Flow Impellers The liquid enters and
leaves the impeller in an
axial direction. In this case
the head developed is
entirely due to the lift
produced by the vanes on
the liquid
 Common types of centrifugal pumps
Radial and mixed flow impellers can be subdivided
into:
(i) Single suction – the liquid enters the impeller
from one side only.
(ii) Double suction – the liquid enters the impeller
from both sides
(iii) Axial flow impellers which are of the single
suction type. Please read the design manual for
water work in pumps-chapter 5 for more details
PARTS /COMPONENTS OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 PARTS /COMPONENTS OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
1.Casing
• The velocity head of water leaving the impeller is
converted into pressure head in the casing either by
means of a volute or by a set of stationary diffuser
vanes surrounding the impeller periphery
2.Shaft & Bearings
• The primary function of the shaft is to transmit the
driving torque to the impeller. With the support of the
bearings, the shaft must also locate the impeller
radially and axially within the casing.
• 3. Impeller- rotation
• 4. Piston
 Submersible centrifugal pump
In this case, both the pump casing and the motor
are submerged. This is common in underground
tank or deep wells. The Power is supplied to the
motor through waterproof cables.
There major disadvantage is that the motor is out of
sight of any operator and easy to ‘forget’ until it
fails. Such failures are often the result of failure of
the motor-cable water seals and the motor can
burn-out under such circumstances
 Peripheral Pumps
• In a peripheral pump, energy is imparted to the
fluid within the cells of a vane wheel impeller.
Alternatively, the cells are arranged peripherally
on the outer sides of a wheel disc. Peripheral
pumps come in various configurations, such as
overhung impeller, impeller(s), mounted between
bearings, single stage and multistage.
• Alternative names are side – channel pump and
regenerative turbine pump.
Peripheral Pumps
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
• Positive displacement pumps are essentially
rotary or reciprocating machines in which energy
is periodically added by application of force to
movable boundaries of enclosed fluid containing
volumes, resulting in a direct increase in pressure.
The various types are illustrated on the diagram
blow:
Classifications of Positive displacement
pumps
Types of Positive displacement pumps
1. Reciprocating Pumps
A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-
displacement pumps that includes the piston pump, plunger
pump, and diaphragm pump moving backward and forward in
respond to water flows to increase the water energy. These
pumps may be further be classified as Piston / Plunger Type
and Mechanical Diaphragm Type
2. Rotary pumps
There are a number of different varieties of rotary pumps but
in all, the essential working element is a rotor which can take
a number of different forms, such as an impellor, vane or
screw or a combination of these.
 Rotary pumps
• Such pumps differ from reciprocating pumps in
that the delivery is continuous and hence
smoother. However, internal losses are normally
somewhat higher through slip (internal leak-
back). Slip increases with increasing pressure so
rotary pumps are less suited to high pressure
• Rotary pumps are physically much larger than
centrifugal pumps for equivalent capacities and
therefore occupy greater space.
 Rotary pumps
• Examples of Rotary pumps include
 SINGLE ROTOR TYPES –
1. vane in rotor and piston rotor pumps
2. Screw – Progressive Cavity Pump
3. Flexible Member
 MULTIPLE ROTOR TYPES
1) Gear Pump
2) Lobe Pump
3) Circumferential Piston
4) Multiple Screw
 Rotary pumps
External Gear rotor pumps Vane in rotor pumps
 Principle of operation of Positive
displacement Pumps
• A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by
trapping a fixed amount of the fluid and forcing
(displacing) that trapped volume into a discharge pipe
or discharge system.
• Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding
cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on
the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the
cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows
out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The
volume remains constant through each cycle of pump
operation
 Principle of operation of Positive
displacement Pumps
• Positive Displacement pumps do not use
impellers, but rely on rotating or reciprocating
parts to directly push the liquid in an enclosed
cavity, until enough pressure is built up to move
the liquid into the discharge system. The pump
does not rely on raising the velocity of the fluid as
the centrifugal pump does by moving the liquid
through the impeller. Consequently, the fluid
velocity inside a positive displacement pump is
much lower than that of a centrifugal pump
Design of a pump for water supply
 The requirements to be met by the pumping station is;
i. A discharge flow (Q in m3/hr). The flowrate of a pump
is usually expressed in terms of m3/s for larger pumps
and m3/hr for small pumps
ii. A total pressure head to be overcome by pumping
system(in m) HT=hs+hf
iii. Pump power =
iv. Net Positive Suction Head available (NPSHA) and Net
positive suction Head required (NPSHR).
v. Specific speed, NS = (N × Q1/2) / H3/4
 Pumping Capacity
 Criteria to be followed in determination of pump capacity .
1.The maximum pumping capacity of a pump station shall, be fixed to match with
the hourly average consumption of the scheme at the end of the design period;
based on a 24 hour operation in the case where a reliable electrical power supply
is provided.
2.For diesel engine powered pumps, the pumping capacity shall be fixed in
accordance with the stipulation above but based on a pumping period of not
more than 14 hours per day.
3.The maximum pumping capacity from a groundwater source shall be dictated
by the safe yield of the BH where electricity is available.
Example, for a population of 10,000 people, and per capital water requirements
of 120 l/c/d, and a PDF and PHF of 1.1 and 2.5 respectively, determine the
pumping capacity required for a Pumped scheme to feed such water supply.
Solution = Q= 10,000 X120 l/c/dx2.5 =3000 m3/d= 3000m3/24hrs = 125m3/hrs for
surface source or 3000 m3/14hrs= 215 m3/hr for groundwater such as BH.
 A total pressure head to be overcome
by pumping system
• The term head is the elevation of a free surface of water
above or below a reference datum.
• The reference datum for a vertical flow centrifugal pump is
the inlet to the impeller
• Total pressure head on pump
• The total (dynamic) pressure head of the pump is
summation of the static head to be overcomed by a pump
and a total pressure headloss due to liquid friction in the
pipeline
• i.e HT = hts +hf+hfm, where hf is the pipeline friction head ,
hfm is the minor losses due to fittings and hts is the static
head which is the difference btn lower and upper points.
Component of the Total Dynamic
Head,HT
Component of the Total Dynamic
Head,HT
 Component of the Total Dynamic
Head,HT
1 Determination of Static Head
• This is the level difference between suction reservoir
and delivery reservoir
2.Head loss due to friction in pipeline;
• Once the selection of pipe size and material is made,
the pressure head loss due to fluid friction in pipeline
can be determined is determined by using either darcy
wesbach headloss formulae of Hazen william-
equation..
3. Minor losses, is the headloss due to equivalents/pipe
fittings, may be elbow, tee, gate valves, check valves, cork
etc.
Headloss formulas for determination
of major headloss
 Minor headloss
• This is the kind of headloss resulting from the
pipe fittings such as valves (gate and non-
return valves, elbow, Tee (male and female)
etc
 Calculation of minor losses in pipe
fittings
Fittings Type K-Value
450-Elbow Standard (L/D =1) 0.35
Long Radius (L/D=1.5) 0.2
90° Elbow Curved Standard (R/D = 1) 0.75
Long Radius (L/D=1.5) 0.45
90° Elbow Square or 1.3
Mitred
Tee, Run Through Branch Blanked 0.4
Tee, as Elbow Entering in branch/run 1
Coupling/union 0.04
Gate valve Fully open 0.17
½ open 4.5
¼ open 24
¾ open 0.9
 Calculation of minor losses in pipe
fittings
fitting type K-Value
Check/Non-Return Valve swing 2
Disk 10
Ball 70
Water meter Disk 7
Piston 15
Diaphram valve Fully open 2.3
1/2open 4.6
¼ open 21
¾ open 2.6
Globe valve, Bevel Seat Fully open 6
½ open 9.5
Globe Valve, Fully open 6
½ open 8.5
 Example on Headloss calculation

• Determine the friction headloss from the

following information.
 Example on Headloss calculation

System details

Pipe Size : DN100 (4")

Pipe Diameter : 102.3 mm

Pipe Length : 50 m
3 x 90° long radius (R/D =
Fittings :
1.5) elbows
Fluid Velocity : 3 m/s
Fluid Density : 1000 kg/m3
Friction Factor, f : 0.018
Gravitational
: 9.81 m/s2
Acceleration,g
Solution –friction losses
 Example on Headloss calculation
• Alternatively use equivalent length
Anlaysis of TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
 Example on Headloss calculation
• HEADLOSS
 PROBLEM
In a certain water supply project, a 400 mm raising main was to supply
water from the intake located 300m away from the urban storage tank.
The intake and the tanks were located at the elevations of the 172 and
191 m respectively above the mean sea level (MSL). The tank height
was 3m,. The raising main consisted of three 45o elbows, Non-Return
valves at the pump outlet and gate valves at the tank entry. If the
maximum flow is 12,000 m3/d, and the values of k for elbow, gate and
NRV are 0.35, 0.17 and 10 respectively, Determine the following
1. Total Dynamic head of the pump
2. Pump power (in KW) given the pump and motor efficiencies are
75% and 80% respectively.
3. The specific speed Ns given the impeller manufacture speed is 200
rpm.
DIAGRAM FROM THE PREVIOUS
PROBLEM
ST H=3m

EL:190.9 m from MSL

400 ØDIP, L=300m

PUMP
EL172.9 m from MSL
 SOLUTION
Hstat = 190.9 m- 172.9 m = 18.0 m+3m = 21m
Hf Calculate the friction losses for a 400 mm
diameter ductile iron pipe. Data, Pipe diameter, D=
400mm = 0.4m, H-W, C= 100,Q =12,000 m3/d =
0.139 m3/s, L= 300m, long pipe the total friction
headloss is
Friction head due to pipe

Friction head loss due to fittings hfm= ∑

V =Q/A = 0.139/(3.14x0.42)/4 = 1.12m/s.
 SOLUTION CONT…
• Headloss due to elbow,
• = 3 0.35 1.122/(2x9.81) = 0.067m
• Headloss due to gate and Non-Return valve
• Hgv = Kg = 0.17x 1.122/2x9.81 = 0.011m

• Headloss due to NRV = HNRV =KNRV

.
• HNRV = 10X =0.639 m
.
ℎ
= 0.067 + 0.011 + 0.639 = 0.717
• ∑
#$#%& '()% *+ ℎ,%- = . + ℎ/0 + ℎ/ = 21 + 1.44 + 0.7171
• Therefore , the total dynamic head, = 23.157m.
 Solution cont.…
2
2.Pump ppower P= =
ɳ
444∗ . 64. 7 6 7. 89
P= =52627.8 Watts
4.:
Or 52.63 KWs.
3. Specific speed
NS = (1450rpm × 0.1391/2) / 23.1573/4 =51.211
revolution per minutes.
 PUMP SELECTION
In selecting pumping equipment the following points should
be considered:
(1) Stability characteristics
(2) Efficiency
(3) NPSHR
(4) NPSHA
(5) Rotational speed, Na.
(6) Specific speed, Ns
(7) Overload margin on the prime mover
(8) Water quality i.e. pH value and silt content
(9) Power requirement and power consumption pattern
(10) Material properties of the components
 Pump characteristics
The pump characteristics or simply pump curve are the
standard plots used for selection of pump capacity in
terms of power given that one of the following data are
available. Such data include pump flow rate, pump head,
or pump power. They are called H-Q curve. They are
plotted by putting Head values on y-axis against Q values
on x-axis . Once you have a known Head, then from the
curve you can get the pump capacity and hence power.
However, these characteristics curve are available from
the pump manufacturers such as DAVIS AND SHIRTLEAF,
GRUNDFOCE , MERRYWATER, NABAKI AFRIKA ETC.
Pump characteristics curve
PUMP CURVES
 PUMP SELECTION
(11) Capital cost
(12) Running spare parts requirement
(13) Standardization
(14) Adaptability to local site conditions
(15) De-rating and fuel consumption pattern if a diesel
engine prime mover is being considered.
(16) The moment of inertia of the pump set and engine or
pump and motor must also be considered in connection
with water hammer analysis
(17) Prime mover and pump torque characteristics
(18) Pump and Motor Identification Plates.
 Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH

• The Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH - can be defined

as the difference between the Suction Head, and the
Liquids Vapor Head and can be expressed as
NPSH = hs - hv
• Types of NPSH
• NPSH available (NPSHa)
• NPSHRequired (NPSHR)
• It is an important design parameter of a pump.
• The difference between NPSHa and NPSHR is that,
NPSHa is a function of your system and must be
calculated while NPSHR is a function of the pump and
must be provided by the pump manufacturer
• Net positive suction head (NPSH) which is largely
dependent on temperature and elevation determines the
maximum suction head possible.
• SPECIFIC SPEED OF A PUMP IMPELLER (NS)
• Specific speed enables the classification of geometrically
similar pumps and is determined from
• the expression,
• Nsp = (N × Q1/2) / H3/4
Where,
• N is the impeller speed (rpm),
• Q is the output at maximum efficiency (m3/s), and
• H is the equivalent head (m)
 Equations of solving NPSHA
NPSHA= ha +hs-hf-hvp (for design with positive
suction head hs)
NPSHA =ha –hl-hf-hvp (for design with negative
suction hl)
ha=atmospheric pressure
hs= suction head
hvp= Vapour pressure
To avoid pump cavitation, NPSHA≥NPSHR. The
margin safety should be atleast 1 metre
 EXAMPLE OF CALCULTION ON NPSHA
A pump is located 0.5 m below the water surface in a wet well located at an
elevation of 1,500 m above sea level. The water temperature is 50C. The
pump friction headlosses amount to 0.015 m. The selected pump requires a
NPSH of 1.0 m. Does the design of the wet well provide NPSH R ?
Solution
a. From Table 3-7 , find ha = 8.66 m of water at 1,500 m elevation.
b. From Table 3-8 , find hvp =0.0889 m of water at 5 C.
c. With hs = 0.5 m, the Net Positive Suction Head available is
NPSHA= ha+hs-hf-hvp = 8.66 + 0.50 -.015 -0.889 = 8.256 or 8.26 m

d. Since NPSHA is>NPSHR i.e. 8.26 m>1m. Therefore, no cavitation and

hence this design is acceptable
 QUESTION
• A pump is to be located 4 m above the minimum
water level in an inlet sump and is to be used to
pump 50 l/s. The suction pipe is 200 mm dia., 10
m long and has two 45o bends. There is a strainer
with a footvalve at the inlet of the pipe at the
altitude is 1,100 masl. Assuming the temp is 15oC
• Question: What should be the NPSH of the
pump?
 PUMP PROBLEMS
There are several problems associated with
pump failure including
1. Pump cavitation
2. Power failure
3. Pump corrosion
 Cavitation

• Cavitation is a phenomenon of pumping system

malfunction, which is often associated with
suction design. The avoidance of Cavitation is
therefore an important consideration in the
planning of a pumping system.
• Cavitation is the result of the pumped fluid
vaporising within the impeller, or even within the
• suction pipeline. If the fluid pressure is reduced
below its vapour pressure, pockets of vapour will
form or boiling within the fluid will occur.
 Cavitation
• As the vapour pockets reach the surface of the
impeller, the higher fluid pressure at that point
causes them to collapse.
The consequence of cavitation include
i. noise,
ii. vibration
iii. possibly structural damage of the pump.
 Pump corrosion
• When a pump is successfully installed, its
performance is rated against pump head,
capacity, and efficiency. Several factors may
contribute to reduce the pump performances
and one of such factors is corrosion. The pump
corrosion has different types including
• General corrosion
• Dealloying
• Galvanic Corrosion
 Pump corrosion
• General corrosion is corrosion that proceeds without
an appreciable localization of attack.
• This type of corrosion occurs on metals or alloys that
do not develop an effective passive film on the surface.
Usually, the corrosion mechanism is oxidation with the
formation of metal oxide corrosion products.
• General corrosion is most often encountered in pumps
with carbon steels and copper base alloys. Cast irons
also experience a specialized form of general corrosion,
known as graphitic corrosion, which will be considered
separately.
 Pump corrosion
Dealloying
• Dealloying is the preferential removal of one
phase from a multi-phase alloy, or one element
from a material. Several types of dealloying occur
in the pump industry. One of the most common is
the graphitic corrosion of gray cast iron. This
material is low cost, easy to machine, and well
suited for a variety of applications, especially in
the waterworks industry. The iron corrodes, and
the corrosion products are largely flushed away
with the fluid passing through the pump.
 Pump corrosion
• Galvanic Corrosion
• Galvanic corrosion refers to the corrosion that occurs
when one alloy is electrically coupled to another and
exposed in a conductive liquid. Usually, the corrosion
rate of the more noble alloy will be less than if it were
exposed uncoupled. The corrosion rate of the less
noble material will be greater than if it were exposed
uncoupled.
• The pump designer needs to be aware of the corrosion
potentials of dissimilar metals used in conductive fluids in
order to avoid unanticipated galvanic corrosion problems.
 PUMP OPERATION
• Pumping Period
For electrically driven pumps the pumping period may be as
long as 24 hours a day. Where conventional treatment plants
are used involving settling and filtration, pumping shall be
based on 24 hours/day.
• Pumping Sequence
For plants involving more than one pump, an alternating
sequence operation shall be planned so that none of the
installed pumps is left idle for too long and the total number
of working hours of each pumpsets should be kept more or
less the same. A period for alternating between pumpsets of
one month, coincident with electrical readings for monthly
bills is suggested.