ACTIVITY NO.

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Physical Study of Pump Unit

I. INTRODUCTION:
The positive displacement pump operates by alternating of filling a cavity and then displacing a
given volume of liquid. The positive displacement pump delivers a constant volume of liquid for
each cycle against varying discharge pressure or head. Positive Displacement Pumps has an
expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows
into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as
the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation. It will produce the same
flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter the discharge pressure. A Positive Displacement Pump must
not be operated against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump because it has no shut-off
head like Centrifugal Pumps.

A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating
the liquid by a revolving device - an impeller. The most common type is the volute pump. Fluid
enters the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is accelerated
radially outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum is created at the impellers eye that continuously
draws more fluid into the pump. The energy created by the pump is kinetic energy according the
Bernoulli Equation. The energy transferred to the liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge or
vane tip of the impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, the higher will
the velocity of the liquid energy transferred to the liquid be.

II. OBJECTIVES:
1. To identify the basic operation of a pump unit.
2. To determine the classification and types of a pump unit.
3. To determine the basic operation, application and uses of a pump unit.
4. To determine what are the factor in selecting a pump unit.
5. To develop professional work ethics including precision, neatness, safety
and ability to follow instruction.

III. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

SINGLE ACTING RECIPROCATING PUMP

 DOUBLE ACTING SINGLE ACTING RECIPROCATING PUMP

RECIPROCATING PUMP FITTED WITH AIR VESSEL AT BOTH SUCTION AND

DELIVERY SIDE

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The Main Parts of Reciprocating Pump are:

1. CYLINDER- It is made of cast iron or steel alloy. The piston reciprocates inside
the cylinder. The movement of piston is obtained by a connecting rod which
connects piston and rotating crank.

2. SUCTION PIPE- It connects the source of water and cylinder, the water is
sucked.

3. DELIVERY PIPE- Water sucked by pump is discharged into delivery pipe.

4. SUCTION VALVE- It adjusts the flow from the suction pipe into delivery pipe.

5. DELIVERY VALVE- It admits the flow from the cylinder in to delivery pipe.

6. AIR VESSEL- It is a cast iron closed chamber having an opening at its pass
through which the water flows into vessel.

IV. Classification of Displacement Pump

The positive displacement pump can be classified as:

1. Reciprocating pumps – A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement

plunger pump. It is often used where relatively small quantity of liquid is to be
handled and where delivery pressure is quite large.

1.1 Piston pump- A piston pump can be based on a single piston or, more
likely, multiple parallel pistons. The pistons are reciprocated using cams or
crankshafts. The stroke is generally adjustable. This type of pump can
deliver heads of up to 1000 bar. The largest sizes of piston pumps can deliver
flows of 40m3 /hr. In practice these pumps are more likely to be used for
metering low flow rate fluids at more modest pressures in laboratories and
chemical process plants. Piston pumps are not generally suitable for
transferring toxic or explosive media.

1.2 Plunger pump- Plunger pumps comprise of a cylinder with a reciprocating

plunger in it. In the head of the cylinder the suction and discharge valves are
mounted. In the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves
opens causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the
plunger push the liquid out the discharge valve. With only one cylinder the
fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the
middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is in the end positions. A lot
of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system.
Vibration and "water hammers" may be a serious problem. In general the

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 problems are compensated by using two or more cylinders not working in
phase with each other.

1.3 Diaphragm pump- In diaphragm pumps the plunger pressurizes hydraulic

oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder.
Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic fluids.

2. Power pumps- Hydraulic ram water pumps use downhill water pressure to
pump water much higher than it started, with no other power needed. A 20ft fall
is enough to push water 150 feet above the source or more. Or as little as a 2ft
fall between the water source and the pump at a flow rate of 1 to 3 gallons per
minute is enough to pump water 20ft higher than the source -- as much as 4,000
gallons a day

3. Steam pumps - The type of steam pump most commonly used for house
pumps is a single direct-acting pump.

4. Rotary pumps - Positive displacement rotary pumps are pumps that move fluid
using the principles of rotation. The vacuum created by the rotation of the pump
captures and draws in the liquid. Rotary pumps are very efficient because they
naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the need to bleed the air from the
lines manually. Positive displacement rotary pumps also have their weaknesses.
Because of the nature of the pump, the clearance between the rotating pump and
the outer edge must be very close, requiring that the pumps rotate at a slow,
steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids will cause
erosion, much as ocean waves polish stones or erode rock into sand. Rotary
pumps that experience such erosion eventually show signs of enlarged
clearances, which allow liquid to slip through and detract from the efficiency of
the pump.

4.1 Rotary lobe pump- Lobe pumps are used in a variety of industries
including, pulp and paper, chemical, food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and
biotechnology. They are popular in these diverse industries because they offer
superb sanitary qualities, high efficiency, reliability, corrosion resistance, and
good clean-in-place and sterilize-in-place (CIP/SIP) characteristics. These
pumps offer a variety of lobe options including single, bi-wing, tri-lobe (shown),
and multi-lobe. Rotary lobe pumps are non-contacting and have large
pumping chambers, allowing them to handle solids such as cherries or olives
without damage. They are also used to handle slurries, pastes, and a wide
variety of other liquids. If wetted, they offer self-priming performance. A
gentle pumping action minimizes product degradation. They also offer
reversible flows and can operate dry for long periods of time. Flow is relatively
independent of changes in process pressure, so output is constant and
continuous.

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4.2 Progressing cavity pump - A progressive cavity pump is a type of Positive
Displacement Pump and is also known as a progressing cavity pump,
eccentric screw pump or even just cavity pump. It transfers fluid by means of
the progress, through the pump, of a sequence of small, fixed shape, discrete
cavities, as its rotor is turned. This leads to the volumetric flow rate being
proportional to the rotation rate (bidirectionally) and to low levels of shearing
being applied to the pumped fluid. Hence these pumps have application in
fluid metering and pumping of viscous or shear sensitive materials. The
cavities taper down toward their ends and overlap with their neighbours, so
that, in general, no flow pulsing is caused by the arrival of cavities at the
outlet, other than that caused by compression of the fluid or pump
components.

4.3 Rotary gear pump - A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid
by displacement. They are one of the most common types of pumps for
hydraulic fluid power applications. Gear pumps are also widely used in
chemical installations to pump fluid with a certain viscosity. There are two
main variations; external gear pumps which use two external spur gears, and
internal gear pumps which use an external and an internal spur gear. Gear
pumps are positive displacement (or fixed displacement), meaning they pump a
constant amount of fluid for each revolution. Some gear pumps are designed
to function as either a motor or a pump.

4.4 Screw pump - Screw pumps are rotary, positive displacement pumps that
can have one or more screws to transfer high or low viscosity fluids along an
axis. A classic example of screw pumps is the Archimedes screw pump that is
still used in irrigation and agricultural applications. Although progressive
cavity pumps can be referred to as a single screw pumps, typically screw
pumps have two or more intermeshing screws rotating axially clockwise or
counterclockwise. Each screw thread is matched to carry a specific volume of
fluid. Like gear pumps, screw pumps may include a stationary screw with a
rotating screw or screws. Fluid is transferred through successive contact
between the housing and the screw flights from one thread to the next.
Geometries can vary. Screw pumps provide a specific volume with each cycle
and can be dependable in metering applications. The geometries of the single
or multiple screws and the drive speed will affect the pumping action
required. The capacity of screw pumps can be calculated based on the
dimensions of the pump, the dimensions of the surface of the screws, and the
rotational speed of the rotor since a specific volume is transferred with each
revolution. In applications where multiple rotors are used, the load is divided
between a number of rotating screws. The casing acts as the stator when two
or more rotors are used. Based upon the needs of the application, timed or
untimed rotors may be chosen. Untimed rotors are simpler in design.

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 4.5 Vane pump - A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that
consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In some
cases these vanes can be variable length and/or tensioned to maintain contact
with the walls as the pump rotates. It was invented by Charles C. Barnes of
Sackville, New Brunswick who patented it on June 16, 1874. The simplest
vane pump is a circular rotor rotating inside of a larger circular cavity. The
centers of these two circles are offset, causing eccentricity. Vanes are allowed
to slide into and out of the rotor and seal on all edges, creating vane chambers
that do the pumping work. On the intake side of the pump, the vane chambers
are increasing in volume. These increasing volume vane chambers are filled
with fluid forced in by the inlet pressure. Often this inlet pressure is nothing
more than pressure from the atmosphere. On the discharge side of the pump,
the vane chambers are decreasing in volume, forcing fluid out of the pump.
The action of the vane drives out the same volume of fluid with each rotation.
Multistage rotary vane vacuum pumps can attain pressures as low as 10 −3
mbar (0.1 Pa).

4.6 Regenerative (peripheral) pump - The regenerative pump produces large

head at comparatively small flows. The design of the pump includes for a
special impeller with a large number of radial blades. As the fluid is
discharge from one blade it is transferred to the root of the next blade and
given additional energy. The fluid heads developed in this type of pump can
be very high and the pump should not be used without a close coupled relief
valve in the system. In a regenerative pump, liquid enters and exits the pump
during several revolutions of the impeller. The velocity and pressure
increases of the liquid are therefore gradual compared to the centrifugal
pump. Liquid entering the pump near its vapor pressure is less likely to
experience the pressure change that can cause cavitation due to the smaller
pressure gradient. Therefore, regenerative pumps, typically, require lower net
positive suction heads than centrifugal pumps. This pump is generally made
from special materials to combat the corrosive conditions resulting from the
high degree of turbulence experienced within the casing. The figure below
shows in outline the operating principles of the peripheral pump.

V. QUESTION /PROBLEM:

1. How does the basic operation of a lift pump differ from that of a force
pump?
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2. What is the chief difference in working cycles of the single acting force
pump and the double acting force pump?
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3. Compare the capacities of single-acting and double acting plunger-type
force pump.
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4. What type of industrial application use for reciprocating piston pumps?

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5. What is meant by displacement and is it expressed?

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6. What is meant by slip, and how is it expressed?
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7. How does the basic principle of the rotary differ from reciprocating pump?
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8. Give at least three types of rotary pumps.

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9. List at least three types of gears used in gear-type rotary pump.

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VI. CONCLUSION:
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VII. ANALYSIS:
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VIII. Recommendation
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