PART 1:

A2) Vocabulary: Synonyms

Continuous → d. incessant

Constituent → h. component

Fiber → a. strand

Expansion → e. extension

Ductile → g. malleable

Laminate → b. cover

Shrinkage → f. decrease

Filament → c. thread

B1) Discussion Questions

1. A composite is a material made from two or more different

materials that, when combined, are stronger than those individual
materials by themselves. Simply put, composites are a combination of
components.

2. The weakness of composites to impacts is well known, especially

to low-energy impacts that cause subsurface damage in the form of
delamination, cracks as well as fiber breakage.

3. Composite materials are important to the Aviation Industry

because they provide structural strength comparable to metallic alloys,
but at a lighter weight. This leads to improved fuel efficiency and
performance from an aircraft. The development of light-weight, high-
temperature resistant composite materials will allow the next generation
of high-performance, economical aircraft designs to materialize. Usage of
such materials will reduce fuel consumption, improve efficiency and
reduce direct operating costs of aircrafts. Composite materials can be
formed into various shapes and, if desired, the fibers can be wound
tightly to increase strength. A useful feature of composites is that they
can be layered, with the fibers in each layer running in a different
direction. This allows an engineer to design structures with unique
properties. For example, a structure can be designed so that it will bend
in one direction, but not another.

4. The earliest composite materials were made from straw and

mud combined to form bricks for building construction. Ancient brick-
making was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings. Wattle and daub is
one of the oldest composite materials, at over 6000 years old. Concrete
is also a composite material, and is used more than any other synthetic
material in the world. As of 2006, about 7.5 billion cubic meters of
concrete are made each year—more than one cubic meter for every
person on Earth.

5.

• Carbon Fibers Composites: Carbon fibers are usually

combined with other materials to form a composite. When
permeated with a plastic resin and baked, it forms carbon-fiber-
reinforced polymer (often referred to as carbon fiber) which has
a very high strength-to-weight ratio, and is extremely rigid
although somewhat brittle. Carbon fiber is made of thin, strong
crystalline filaments of carbon that is used to strengthen
material. Carbon fiber can be thinner than a strand of human
hair and gets its strength when twisted together like yarn.
• Aramid Fibers Composites: Aramid fibers, short for
aromatic polyamide, are a class of heat-resistant and strong
synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military
applications, for ballistic-rated body armor fabric and ballistic
composites, in marine cordage, marine hull reinforcement, and
as an asbestos substitute.
• Glass Fibers Composites: Glass-fiber composite is a
type of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Glass-fiber
composite holds good properties such as low density, high
strength, and easy processing, so widely used in aerospace,
automotive, and construction. Fabrication of glass-fiber
composite has been discussed in the present study.
• Boron Fibers Composites: Boron fiber use results in
high-strength, lightweight materials that are used chiefly for
advanced aerospace structures as a component of composite
materials, as well as limited production consumer and sporting
goods such as golf clubs and fishing rods. ... It consists of a
fully borided tungsten core with amorphous boron.
• Alumina Fibers Composites: These are ceramics
fabricated by spinning a slurry mix of alumina particles and
additives to form a yarn which is then subjected to controlled
heating. Fibers retain strength at high temperature. It also
shows good electrical insulation at high temperatures. It has
good wear resistance and high hardness.
 • Silicon Carbide Fibers Composites: These fibers are
used in metal, ceramic and polymer matrix composites and are
extremely effective for high-temperature applications. Silicon
carbide reinforced titanium (TMC), aluminum (MMC) and
ceramic composites (CMC) are high in strength and stiffness,
lightweight, and maintain their properties at high temperatures.
• Quartz Fibers Composites: It is used mainly for
producing composite materials (due to having higher stability
compared to glass fiber) and in electrical applications where
thermal resistance and dielectric properties are important. It
can be used in filtration applications where alternatives such as
glass fiber filters cannot be used.

B2) Scanning:

1. 2nd and 3rd lines.

2. 8th and 9th lines.

3. 23rd and 24th lines.

4. 35th and 36th lines.

5. 41st line.

6. 50th and 51st lines.

7. 54th line.

8. 58th and 59th line.

9. 60th and 61st lines.

10. 69th and 70th lines.

D1) Choosing:

1) D
2) D
3) A
4) D
5) A
6) A
7) C
8) B

D2) True or False – Scanning:

1) True → 5th line

2) True → 23rd and 24th lines
3) False → 35th line
4) Not mentioned
5) Not mentioned
6) True → 56th line
7) False → 71st line

D3) Matching:

1) C – aeronautics
2) E – Counterpart
3) F – adhesive
4) G – property
5) A – fatigue
6) D – fin

D4) Vocabulary:
 1) Durable
2) Reinforce
3) Emission
4) Smoothness
5) Unidirectional

D5) Check Your Comprehension:

1) Composites are strong, fatigue resistant, damage

tolerant and hence been shown to be very durable.
2) Contracts awarded in the early 1970s by the U.S. Air
Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) to investigate and encourage the use of composites
resulted in the design, test, certification, and in-service use of a
large number of composite components on commercial aircraft.
Building on the contract and military experience, composites were
incorporated into civil aircraft, such as the 757, 767, and 777.
3) It was certified jointly by United States ang European
regulatory agencies.
4) They used for control surfaces, fairings and nacelle.
5) Unidirectional or woven fabrics can be used. For
compound contours, stretchable, knitted fabrics are often
necessary.

D6) Bring to Order:

• Tensile: A B E D G H C F
• Compression: F C H D E B A
• Shear: A B E D G H C F
• Flexure: A B E D G H C F
 • Bearing Strength: E F A B D G H C

D7) Picture Practice:

The aerospace industry and manufacturers' unrelenting passion to

enhance the performance of commercial and military aircraft is
constantly driving the development of improved high performance
structural materials. An advantage of composite materials is that,
generally speaking, they can be formed into more complex shapes than
their metallic counterparts. This not only reduces the number of parts
making up a given component, but also reduces the need for fasteners
and joints, the advantages of which are twofold: fasteners and joints
may be the weak points of a component ' a bolt needs a hole which is a
stress concentration and therefore a potential crack-initiation site, and
fewer fasteners and joints can mean a shorter assembly time. In addition
to the main benefit of reduced weight and formability, composite
materials offer better resistance to some forms of corrosion than metal
alloys and good resistance to fatigue ' a crack in the brittle fibre is
halted, temporarily at least, when it meets the tougher resin matrix. The
few disadvantages of composite materials are the raw materials
expenses compared to most metal alloys, the higher cost of fabricating
composite components in many cases and their susceptibility to moisture
ingress in some cases.

PART 2:

1) FAA is an agency of the United States Department of

Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of
civil aviation in the U.S.
 2) It became a part of the United States Department of
Transportation.
3) Air Traffic organization, or ATO, was set up by
presidential executive order. This became the Air Navigation
Service Provider for the airspace of the United States. The latter,
The FAA ‘Wing Program’, provides a series of ten badges for pilots
who have undergone several hours of training since their last
award.
4) Differences: ICAO is an international organization that
publishes 'recommendations' which are mostly accepted as
regulations or rules by the different countries. FAA is a regulatory
authority of the USA which publishes rules and ensures compliance
in the USA and some other small countries.

Similarities: One of their primary roles is of course to

ensure security and safety by regulating all aspects of civil aviation
which includes the construction and operation of airports, the
management of air traffic, the certification of personnel and
aircraft, enforcing rules and regulations for obstruction lighting,
aeronautical charts, search and rescue standards and many more
aspects pertaining to air navigation.