PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN
CE 12
Objective
Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to:

1.Understand the in-depth stress-strain characteristics of concrete for all stages of loading.
2.Evaluate the strength of structural plain, reinforced concrete elements in axial loading,
bending, shear and torsion under pseudo-elastic and inelastic stages of loading
3. Apply allowable strength and load-and-resistance factor design methods for reinforced
concrete.

Coverage
• Analysis and Design of Beams
• Analysis and Design of Slabs
• Analysis and Design of Column
Grading System
• Formative Assessment: • 10%
• Plates • 20%
• Quizzes • 30%
• Major Exams : • 40%

Total = 100%
 REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Concrete
• is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or
other aggregates held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste of cement and water.
• has high compressive strength and very low
tensile strength.

Reinforced Concrete
• is a combination of concrete and steel
wherein the steel reinforcement provides
the tensile strength lacking in the concrete.
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Properties of Concrete
Common values of 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝜎
21 MPa = 3 ksi Ultimate Compressive Strength, f′c
28 MPa = 4 ksi
34 MPa = 5 ksi
Minimum = 17 MPa
(NSCP 2015, Table 419.2.1.1)
Elastic Limit Breaking Point
Conversion
1 ksi = 6.895 MPa 0.5 f ′ c Proportionality Limit
1 ksi = 1000 psi

Slope = modulus of elasticity

σ
= (MPa)
𝜖
𝜖
Concrete Stress − Strain Relationship
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Properties of Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus), E 𝜆 values
• It is defined as the ratio of the axial stress to axial 𝜆 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
strain for a material subjected to uni-axial load.
𝜆 = 0.75 for lightweight concrete
σ Modification factor can be checked on Table 419.2.4.2
𝐸=
𝜖

Normal weight of concrete, Wc = 2300 kg/m3 Weight of concrete, 𝛾𝑐 = 24 kN/m3

𝐸𝑐 = 4700𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛾𝑐 = 𝑠𝑔 𝛾𝑤
(NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1. b)
specific weight, 𝑠𝑔 = 2.4
weight of water, 𝛾𝑤 = 9.81 kN/m3
For values of Wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑊𝑐1.5 0.043𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
(NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1. a)
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Properties of Concrete
Tensile Strength
• It is the maximum amount of tensile stress that a
material can be subjected to before failure.
• Determined from modulus of rupture test
Modulus of rupture, 𝑓𝑟 (MPa)
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
(NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.3.1)

𝑓𝑟 = 𝑀𝑐/𝐼 (Bending Stress)

Shear Strength
• Material’s ability to resist forces that can cause
the internal structure of the material to slide
against itself.
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Properties of Steel
Strength Toughness
• Yield strength is the most common property of • It is true for all materials to contain some
which the designer will need as it is the basis imperfections
used for most of the rules given in design codes. • In steel, these imperfections take the form of very
small cracks. If the steel is sufficiently tough, the
Sizes of Steel Bars (reinforcing bars, commercial) “crack” can propagate rapidly, without plastic
deformation and result in a “brittle fracture”.
Diameter, d
10 mm 25 mm
Ductility
12 mm 28 mm
Residential High-rise • It is a measure of the degree to which a material
16 mm 32 mm
can strain or elongate between the onset yield
20 mm 36 mm
and eventual fracture under tensile loading.

Length, L
6 m, 7.5 m, 9 m, 12 m, …
Local hardware offer + 1.5 m starting from 6 m
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Properties of Steel
Durability
• A further important property is that of corrosion prevention. Although special corrosion resistant
steels are available, these are not normally used in building construction. The exception to this is
weathering steel.
Weldability
• All structural stress are essentially weldable. However, welding involves locally melting the steel, which
subsequently cools.
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Properties of Steel
Commercial yield strength, 𝑓𝑦
𝜎 Actual Rupture Point
ASTM PNS NSCP Color
(ksi) (MPa) (MPa) Ultimate Tensile Strength
33 230 230 White
40 275 280 Yellow
Elastic Limit Yield Point
60 415 420 Green Rupture Point

There are 3 types of steel reinforcement Proportionality Limit

1. Hot-rolled steel bars
2. Longitudinal bars
3. Prestressed cables

Modulus of elasticity of steel, 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 MPa

𝜖
Steel Stress − Strain Relationship
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material
1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most
other materials.

2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in
fact, is the best structural material available for situations where water is
present. During fires of average intensity, members with a satisfactory cover of
concrete over the reinforcing bars suffer only surface damage without failure.

3. Reinforces concrete structures are very rigid.

4. It is a low maintenance material.

REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material
5. As compared with other materials. It has a very long service life. Under proper
conditions, reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without
reduction of their load-carrying abilities. This can be explained by the fact that
the strength of concrete does not decrease with time, but it actually increases
over a very long period, measured in years, because of the lengthy process of
the solidification of the cement paste.

6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs,
basement walls, piers and similar applications.

7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary

variety of shapes from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and
shells.
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand,
gravel, and water) and requires relatively small amounts of cement and
reinforcing steel, which may have to be shipped from other parts of the country.

9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared to other

materials such as a structural steel.
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material
1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile
reinforcing.

2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In
addition, falseworks or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for
roofs, walls, floors, and similar tsructures until the concrete members gain
sufficient strength to support themselves. Formwork is very expensive.

3. The low strength per unit weight concrete leads to heavy members. This
becomes an increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where
concrete’s large dead weight has a great effect on bending moments.
Lightweight aggregates can be used to reduce concrete weight, but the cost of
the concrete is increased.
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit volume of concrete means members will be
relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span
structures.

5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its

proportioning and mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is
not as carefully controlled as is the production of other materials, such as
structural steel and laminated wood.