PRINCIPLES OF

REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
CE 416
 CONCRETE VS. REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE is a mixture of sand, REINFORCED CONCRETE is a
gravel, crushed rock, or other combination of concrete and
aggregates held together in a steel wherein the steel
rocklike mass with a paste of reinforcement provides the
cement and water. Sometimes tensile strength lacking in the
one or more admixtures are concrete.
added to change certain
characteristics of the concrete
such as its workability, durability,
and time of hardening.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL:
ADVANTAGES:
1. It has considerable compressive strength per
unit cost compared with most other materials
2. It has great resistance to the actions of fire and
water, and in fact, is the best structural material
available for situations where water is present.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a
very long service life.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for
footing, floor slabs, basement walls, piers, an similar
applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast
into an extraordinary variety of shapes from simple slabs,
beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive
local materials (sand, gravel, and water)
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection
as compared with other materials such as structural
steel.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL:

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength 5. The properties of concrete vary widely because
of variations in its proportioning and mixing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in
place until it hardens sufficiently.
3. The low strength per unit weight of concrete
leads to heavy members.
4. Similarly the low strength per unit weight of
volume of concrete means members will be
relatively large an important consideration for
tall buildings and long span strtuctures .

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COMPARISON OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND STRUCTURAL
STEEL FOR BUILDINGS AND
BRIDGES
“Should reinforced concrete or
structural steel be used?”
There is no simple answer to this question,
In as much as as both of these material
have many excellent characteristics that
can be utilized successfully for so many
type of structures. In fact, they are often
used together in the same structures with
wonderful results.
The selection of the structural material to
be used for a particular building depends
on the height and span of the structure,
the material market, foundation
conditions, local building codes, and
architectural considerations.

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COMPARISON OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND STRUCTURAL
STEEL FOR BUILDINGS AND
BRIDGES
“Should reinforced concrete or
structural steel be used?”
For buildings of less than 4 stories,
reinforced concrete, structural steel, and
wall-bearing construction are competitive.
From 4 to about 20 stories, reinforced
concrete and structural steel are
economically competitive.

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COMPATIBILITY OF
CONCRETE AND STEEL
 Concrete and steel reinforcing work
together beautifully in reinforced
concrete structures.
 The advantages of each materials seem
to compensate for the disadvantages of
the other.
 The two material bond together very
well so there is a little chance of
slippage between the two; thus, they
will act together as a unit in resisting
forces.

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DESIGN CODES:

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THE NSCP 7TH EDITION IS
REFERRED FROM THE FOLLOWING:

 Uniform Building Code UBC-1997

 International Building Code IBC-
2009
 American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCE/SEI 7-10
 American Concrete Institute
ACI318-14M
 American Institute for Steel
Construction AISC-05 with
Supplementary Seismic Provisions.
 American Iron and Steel Institute
AISI S100-2007

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THE NSCP 7TH EDITION IS
REFERRED FROM THE FOLLOWING:

 Reinforced Masonry Engineering

Handbook of America.
 Concrete Masonry Handbook. 6th
edition
 American National Standard
Institute ANSI EIA/TIA -222-G-I-2007
 American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) Standards

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PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
 Is the capacity of a structure or a material to
withstand pushing forces that are axially
directed. It is the maximum stress a material
can sustain under crushing load.
 The compressive strength of f’c is determined
by testing to failure 28-day-old 6” by 12”
concrete cylinders
 Testing for concrete (7 days, 14 days, 28 days)
28 days – maximum strength from 2500-psi up to as high
as 10,000-psi to 20,000-psi but most concrete used to fall
into the 3000-psi to 7000-psi range.)
 Concrete gains strength with time after casting
 For ordinary applications (3000 psi to 4000 psi)
 For pre-stressed concrete (5000 psi to 6000 psi are
commonly used
 Pre-stressed concrete are concrete that are
compressed during production commonly used in
construction.
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STRESS-STRAIN
RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE
Proportionality Limit
Stress is proportional to strain
Hooke’s Law
The stress is directly proportional to
strain up to the proportional limit

Where E is the Modulus of Elasticity

Elastic Limit. The material returns to its
original shape when the load is removed.
Ultimate Compressive Strength. The
highest stress on the stress-strained curve.
Break Point/Rupture. Failure occurs. The
concrete cracks in tension.
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PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

2. STATIC MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY (YOUNG’S
MODULUS), E
 Is defined as the ratio of the axial strain for a
material subjected to uni-axial load.
 For values of weight of concrete between
1440 and 2560 kg/cum
Ec = Wc1.50.043 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (in MPa)
NSCP Sec. 419.2.2.1a
 For Normal weight concrete (2300 kg/cum)
Ec = 4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (in Mpa)
NSCP Sec. 419.2.2.1b

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PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

3. DYNAMIC MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY

It is the ratio of stress to strain under vibratory conditions

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PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

4. CREEP
 The amount of creep is largely dependent on
the amount of stress.
 The longer the concrete cures before loads
are applied, the smaller will be the creep.
 Higher strength concretes have less creep
than do lower strength concretes
 Creeps increases with higher temperatures.
 Concretes with the highest percentage of
cement-water paste have the highest creep
because the paste, not the aggregate, does
the creeping.

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PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

5. SHRINKAGE

Is changing of of pore water content due to drying or wetting

processes causing changes of concrete in load-free specimens.

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PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

6. TENSILE
STRENGTH
 Is the maximum amount of tensile stress that
a material can be subjected to before failure.
 Determined via modulus of rupture test.
 Modulus of Rupture, fr (Mpa)
fr = 0.62ʎ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐

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PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

7. SHEAR
STRENGTH
Is the materials ability to resists forces that can cause the internal structure of
the material to slide against itself

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PROPERTIES OF STEEL

1. STRENGTH

Yield strength is the most common property of which the designer will
need as it is basis used for most of the rules given in design codes

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 PROPERTIES OF STEEL

TYPES OF STEEL
REINFORCEMENT

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 PROPERTIES OF STEEL

LONGITUDINAL BARS

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PROPERTIES OF STEEL

2. DUCTILITY

Is a measure of the degree at which a material can strain or elongate

between the onset yield and eventual fracture under tensile loading.

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PROPERTIES OF STEEL

3. WELDABILITY

All structural stress are essentially weldable. However, welding involves

locally melting steel, which subsequently cools.

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PROPERTIES OF STEEL

4. DURABILITY

A further important property is that of corrosion prevention.

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PROPERTIES OF STEEL

4. DURABILITY

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