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REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, and other aggregates held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste of cement and water.
Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such
as its workability, durability, and time of hardening.
As with most rocklike substances, concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile
strength.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides
the tensile strength lacking in the concrete
WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
1.) Properly proportioned for transport and placed without segregation. The aggregate particles
must be uniformly distributed.
2.) Easily molded into desired shapes and completely fill the space it is to occupy.
WORKABILITY PROPERTIES
1.) Consistency – is the degree of wetness or slump of the concrete mix. It varies directly with the
amount of water in the mixture.
2.) Plasticity – is the ease in which fresh concrete can be molded or deformed without segregation.
3.) Mobility – is the capacity of concrete to move or flow, particularly during vibration.
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
1.) It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other materials.
2.) Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water.
6.) The only economical material used for footings, slab on grade, basement walls, and piers.
2.) Formworks are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently.
3.) The low strength per unit weight of concrete leads to large and heavy members.
4.) The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and mixing.
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN CODES
PORTLAND CEMENT
Is mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials which are calcined in a kiln and then pulverized.
When mixed with water, cement hardens through a process called hydration.
TYPES
TYPE I The common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work.
TYPE II A modified cement that has a lower heat of hydration than does Type I cement and that
can withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.
TYPE III A high early strength cement that will harden in the first 24 hours. A concrete with a
strength about twice that of Type I cement.
TYPE IV A low heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat very slowly. It is used
for very large concrete structures.
TYPE V A cement used for concrete that are to be exposed to high concentrations of sulfate.
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
ADMIXTURES
1.) Air-entraining Admixtures – used primarily to increase concrete’s resistance to freezing and
thawing and provide better resistance to the deteriorating action of de-icing salts.
2.) Accelerating Admixtures – used accelerate its early strength development particularly used in
cold climates.
3.) Retarding Admixtures – used to slow the setting of the concrete and to retard temperature
increases.
4.) Superplasticizers – used to reduce the water content in concrete substantially while at the same
time increasing their slumps. Also used to keep water-cement ratios constant using less cement,
they are more commonly used to produce workable concretes with considerably higher strengths
while using the same amount of cement.
5.) Waterproofing – used to help retard the penetration of water into porous concrete. Maybe applied
to hardened concrete surfaces or may be added to concrete mix.
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONCRETE CURING
REINFORCING STEEL
1.) The reinforcing steel used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded wire
fabric.
3.) The deformed bars, which have ribbed projections rolled onto their surfaces to provide better
bonding between the concrete and steel.
4.) Several types of reinforcing bars are designated by ASTM. Classified as Grade 40 (40,000psi) and
Grade 60 (60,000psi).
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
REINFORCING DIAMETERS
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
REINFORCING DESIGNATION
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
ANALYSIS
Given the cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement size and location, and yield strength,
compute the resistance or strength and compare to the required strength.
DESIGN
Given a factored moment, select a suitable cross section, including dimensions, concrete strength,
and calculate for the required reinforcement.
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
LIMIT STATE
2.) Serviceability
3.) Special
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
These involves a structural collapse of part or all of the structure and loss of life can occur
3.) Progressive collapse, minor local failure causing adjacent members to fail until entire structure
collapse
4.) Formation of plastic hinge mechanism, yielding of reinforcement to form plastic hinges at
enough sections to make structure unstable.
6.) Fatigue members can fracture under repeated stress cycles of service loads.
RCD APPLIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
1.) Excessive deflections from normal service loading condition that maybe visually unacceptable or
may cause damage to non-structural members.
2.) Excessive crack width may appear and may allow leakage and gradual deterioration of concrete.
1.) Damage or collapse in extreme earthquake loads , wind loads, and flood loads.
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
1.) Working Stress Method – Also called Allowable Stress Design, is a method of design based on
elastic stage of a structural member. Hence, the member is design on working loads, and also
referred to as service loads or unfactored loads.
2.) Strength Design Method – Also called the Ultimate Strength Design, it is a method based on
ultimate limit state design. In the Strength Method, the service loads are increases sufficiently by
factor to obtain the load in which failure is considered to be imminent. This load is called the
factored load or factored service load.
a.) Probability of understrength of member due to material strength deficiency and dimension.