REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, and other aggregates held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste of cement and water.

Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such
as its workability, durability, and time of hardening.

As with most rocklike substances, concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile
strength.

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides
the tensile strength lacking in the concrete

Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting compression forces as used in columns.

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

Concrete is said to be workable under the following conditions:

1.) Properly proportioned for transport and placed without segregation. The aggregate particles
must be uniformly distributed.

2.) Easily molded into desired shapes and completely fill the space it is to occupy.

3.) Easily finished.

WORKABILITY PROPERTIES

1.) Consistency – is the degree of wetness or slump of the concrete mix. It varies directly with the
amount of water in the mixture.

2.) Plasticity – is the ease in which fresh concrete can be molded or deformed without segregation.

3.) Mobility – is the capacity of concrete to move or flow, particularly during vibration.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

1.) It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other materials.

2.) Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water.

3.) Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.

4.) Low maintenance material.

5.) Very long service life.

6.) The only economical material used for footings, slab on grade, basement walls, and piers.

7.) Can be cast into variety of shapes.

8.) Takes advantage of inexpensive local materials.

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

1.) Concrete has a very low tensile strength.

2.) Formworks are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently.

3.) The low strength per unit weight of concrete leads to large and heavy members.

4.) The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and mixing.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN CODES

ACI American Concrete Institute

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

PORTLAND CEMENT

Is mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials which are calcined in a kiln and then pulverized.
When mixed with water, cement hardens through a process called hydration.

TYPES

TYPE I The common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work.

TYPE II A modified cement that has a lower heat of hydration than does Type I cement and that
can withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.

TYPE III A high early strength cement that will harden in the first 24 hours. A concrete with a
strength about twice that of Type I cement.

TYPE IV A low heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat very slowly. It is used
for very large concrete structures.

TYPE V A cement used for concrete that are to be exposed to high concentrations of sulfate.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

ADMIXTURES

1.) Air-entraining Admixtures – used primarily to increase concrete’s resistance to freezing and
thawing and provide better resistance to the deteriorating action of de-icing salts.

2.) Accelerating Admixtures – used accelerate its early strength development particularly used in
cold climates.

3.) Retarding Admixtures – used to slow the setting of the concrete and to retard temperature
increases.

4.) Superplasticizers – used to reduce the water content in concrete substantially while at the same
time increasing their slumps. Also used to keep water-cement ratios constant using less cement,
they are more commonly used to produce workable concretes with considerably higher strengths
while using the same amount of cement.

5.) Waterproofing – used to help retard the penetration of water into porous concrete. Maybe applied
to hardened concrete surfaces or may be added to concrete mix.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE CURING

Age 7d 14d 28d 3m 6m 1y 2y 5y

Strength 0.67 0.86 1.0 1.17 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE STRESS-STRAIN CURVES IN COMPRESSION

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

REINFORCING STEEL

1.) The reinforcing steel used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded wire
fabric.

2.) Reinforcing bars are referred to as plain or deformed bars.

3.) The deformed bars, which have ribbed projections rolled onto their surfaces to provide better
bonding between the concrete and steel.

4.) Several types of reinforcing bars are designated by ASTM. Classified as Grade 40 (40,000psi) and
Grade 60 (60,000psi).
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

REINFORCING DIAMETERS
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

REINFORCING DESIGNATION
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

REINFORCING STEEL STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

ANALYSIS

Given the cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement size and location, and yield strength,
compute the resistance or strength and compare to the required strength.

DESIGN

Given a factored moment, select a suitable cross section, including dimensions, concrete strength,
and calculate for the required reinforcement.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

LIMIT STATE

1.) Ultimate Limit State

2.) Serviceability

3.) Special
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

These involves a structural collapse of part or all of the structure and loss of life can occur

1.) Loss of equilibrium of part or all of the structure as a rigid body

2.) Rupture of critical components causing partial or complete collapse

3.) Progressive collapse, minor local failure causing adjacent members to fail until entire structure
collapse

4.) Formation of plastic hinge mechanism, yielding of reinforcement to form plastic hinges at
enough sections to make structure unstable.

5.) Instability caused by deformations of structure.

6.) Fatigue members can fracture under repeated stress cycles of service loads.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Functional use of structure is disrupted, but collapse is not expected.

1.) Excessive deflections from normal service loading condition that maybe visually unacceptable or
may cause damage to non-structural members.

2.) Excessive crack width may appear and may allow leakage and gradual deterioration of concrete.

3.) Undesirable vibration.

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

SPECIAL LIMIT STATE

Damage of failures caused by abnormal conditions

1.) Damage or collapse in extreme earthquake loads , wind loads, and flood loads.

2.) Structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular collisions.

3.) Structural effects of corrosions or deterioration.

4.) Long term physical usage. Aged structures.

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

1.) Working Stress Method – Also called Allowable Stress Design, is a method of design based on
elastic stage of a structural member. Hence, the member is design on working loads, and also
referred to as service loads or unfactored loads.

2.) Strength Design Method – Also called the Ultimate Strength Design, it is a method based on
ultimate limit state design. In the Strength Method, the service loads are increases sufficiently by
factor to obtain the load in which failure is considered to be imminent. This load is called the
factored load or factored service load.

This method accounts for the following:

a.) Probability of understrength of member due to material strength deficiency and dimension.

b.) Inaccuracies in design calculation.

c.) Degree of ductility.

d.) Importance of the member in the structure.