Name – Arghya Mohanta

ID- 2013022010
Roll No- 13011720011
Dept.- Civil(STRUCTURAL) Engineering(MTECH. 1st YEAR)
Subject –Repair and Rehabilitation(SE 105C) (ASSIGNMENT)

1)List the name of 5 most important test of Ordinary Portland Cement as per Is 269
i) Consistency Test of Cement paste by Vic at Apparatus’ (IS:4031(part-4);1988
ii)Fineness test of Cement by Blaine air Permeability Method(IS:4031(part-2)
iii)Soundness test of Cement by Le- chatelier Method and Autoclave Method(IS:4031
(part-3)
iv)Intial and Final Setting time of Cement by VICAT APPARATUS (IS:4031(part(5)
v)Compressive Strength of Cement at Temp. of 27+/-2^oC & renewed at 7days
(IS:4031(part(6))

2)Write a short note on Retrofitting.

In Retrofitting, the structure must be designed so it is in keeping with its purpose of use and is
both safe and durable, with consideration given to ease of retrofitting construction and
post-retrofitting maintenance as well as overall economy and environment-friendliness.
Retrofitting of structure like building which includes rehabilitation , maintenance and
strengthening of structure is not only a need in construction and management in urban
areas , but also a problem arises to structural Engineers in property management
disciplines .
Retrofitting is defined as the process of modification of existing structures like buildings
bridges heritage of structures to make them more resistant to the seismic activity and
other natural calamities .
Out of many natural and environmental disasters seismic action- “Earthquake” affect the
structures most . It has been seen that structures with the passing of time they lose
their strength because of many reasons like seismic activity , soil failure due to ground
motion etc . Then there arises problems like damaging of roof , foundation, walls ,pillars,
columns, and beams . For these, structures become statically unsafe. And there arises
question of safety and there comes the solution - Retrofitting.
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged structure. It is an
improvement over original strength when the evaluation of the building indicates that the
strength available before the damaged walls insufficient and restoration alone will not be
adequate in future earthquakes. Retrofitting is necessary when a problem arises in the concrete
structure like damage to structural members, excessive loading and errors in design or
construction modification of structural system, seismic damage, structural cracks, etc.
There are various buildings structures of public and private and historical importance. If private
and public building structures get damaged, in extreme cases they can be dismantled. But in
case of historical importance, they can’t be dismantled. And here comes the only way to save
these structure- Retrofitting.
II) METHODOLOGY
Retrofit in structures is done to increase the survivability functionality. The applications include
different types of bridges, buildings, industrial structures ,transport structures and marine
structures.
III) PRINCIPLES OF RETROFITTING DESIGN
The Principles of Retrofitting Design for buildings are:
1. Strengthening of members versus strengthening of structural system.
The members that do not meet safety requirements must be strengthened; however there is
often an underlying mistake that the strengthening of whole structural system is neglected.
Strengthening of connection between members is quite influential to structural integrity.
2. Local strengthening versus global strengthening.
Local Strengthening of an individual of a individual member can be carried out only if the
strengthening doesn’t affect the structural performance of the whole system.
3. Temporary Strengthening versus permanent strengthening. The standards and
requirements for temporary strengthening may be lower than those for permanent
Strengthening.
4. Special Consideration for Earthquake resistant strengthening.
5. To use new seismic technologies.
IV) PURPOSE OF STRENGTHENING /RETROFITTING
Main purpose is to make building stronger than before.
The action will include the following:
1)Demolish the weakness sources or sources or sources that can make stress concentration in
several parts:
A) Columns distributions are not symmetric.
B) walls distribution are not symmetric.
C) Different stiffness from one to another floors
D) Excessive openings.
2) Make the building as a unity by trying together all components of building
3) Avoid the brittle failure by re-arranging, adding reinforcing bars, and make the details in
accordance with ductility requirement.
4) Increasing the lateral strength by adding walls, columns, etc.
Retrofitting Techniques
1. Adding the shear wall: It is mainly used for non-ductile reinforced concrete frame buildings.
A new shear wall can be cast to support precast concrete element. It can be placed at exterior
as well as exterior building, however , it may cause in the appearance. It mainly increases
lateral strength, ductility and stiffness of building substantially.
2. Adding infill wall: This is brick masonry infill wall . It is generally installed to tight surrounding
concrete elements . The lateral stiffness of story increases with infill wall. It doesn’t increase
ductility of structure .
3)Adding steel bracing : It is effective solution when large opening are required in the present
structure. It increases the strength , ductility and stiffness of same structure . Another advantage
it adds much less weight to existing structure .
4)Wall thickening techniques : it increases thickness by adding the bricks concrete, and steel
reinforcement , the structure load carrying capacity , can bear more vertical and horizontal load
. It doesn’t cause sudden failure of the wall .
5)Mass reduction : It is the process of removing one or more stories of a building that can
cause load reduction at foundation . In this process Design life and strength of same building
can be increased without adding anything.
6)Jacketing of structural element : This is most popular method for strengthening concrete
building elements like as 1.Beams 2. Columns 3.Beam column junction by providing” jacket” of
additional material around existing member. Jacketing can enhance shear strength , concrete
confinement, flexural strength of structure . Member are designed to transfer loads.
7)Base isolation : Decuples superstructure from substructure- flexibility of isolation system
concentrates displacement at isolation level while superstructure remains almost rigid (very low
transmissibility)
Base Isolation System

8)Tuned Mass Damper : It is a device mounted in structure to reduce amplitude of mechanical

vibration and it consist of an auxiliary mass such as a concrete or metal block , connected by
springs and damping elements to primary structure .
Vibration mitigation due to transference of the structural vibration energy to mass damper when
its natural frequency is near equal (i.e. tuned) to structural frequency. It application to prevent
outright structural failure .
Example Taipel 101 building.(Taiwan)
Write a short note on different exposure condition with proper examples as per IS 456
Environment to which concrete will be exposed during its working life classified into five levels i)
Mild ii) Moderate iii)severe iv)very severe v)extreme

Minimum Cement Content ,Max water-cement ratio, and min grade of concrete of different
exposure condition

Minimum Cement Content ,Max water-cement ratio, and min grade of concrete of different
exposure condition

condition
PLAIN CONCRETE REINFORCED CONCRETE

M
G
O
C
T

MAX
WATER-CE
MENT
RATIO

.55

.5
MINIMUM
CEMENT
CONTENT(K
g/m3)

300

300

MINIMUM
GRADE OF
CONCRET
E

-----

M15
MAX
WATER-CE
MENT
RATIO

.6

.6

MINIMUM
CEMENT
CONTENT(K
g/m3)

220

240
 Environ
mental
Conditio
n

MILD

MODER
ATE

Minimum Cement Content ,Max water-cement ratio, and min grade of concrete of
different exposure

e
 e condition

PLAIN CONCRETE REINFORCED CONCRETE

Environ
mental
Conditi
on

SEVER
E

VERY
SEVER
E

EXTRE
ME