Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Masonry
Brick or Block unit
Mortar
2
Types of Brick/Blocks
Clay Bricks
Most Common
Two types of
Un-burnt
Burnt
Fly ash Bricks
Hollow Clay Bricks
Concrete Blocks (Solid and Hollow)
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks
Cellular Light weight Concrete (CLC) Blocks
3
Characterization of Brick Units
Material Properties
Water Absorption (WA)
Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA)
Mortar bond strength
Important to assist in mortar selection and
material handling
Compressive strength (fb)
Tensile strength
Flat Position
On edge
4
Characterization of Brick Units
Field Tests
5
Characterization of Brick Units
Field Tests
6
Characterization of Brick Units
7
Characterization of Brick Units
8
Characterization of Brick Units
9
Characterization of Brick Units
fb
WA
IRA
10
Characterization of Brick Units
40
Comp. stress, MPa
30
20
10
C r = - 0.77 C r = - 0.24
0
0 1 2 3 8 10 12 14 16
kg/m2/min
IRA, kg/m2/min WA, %
Source: Kaushik et al. (2007)
IRA and fb are more closely correlated
No limits proposed for IRA in any standards
Limits 0.25 to 1.5 kg/m2/min provide good bond strength (Drysdale
et al. 1994).
Too low IRA, bricks may float on mortar
Too high IRA, rapid suction of water in mortar by bricks
Poor Brick-Mortar Bond 11
Characterization of Brick Units
Compressive Strength
IS 3495 Part 1: Solid, perforated Burnt Clay Bricks, Fly-ash Bricks
IS 2185 Part 1: Hollow and Solid Concrete Blocks
IS 6441 Part 5: Autoclaved Cellular Concrete Products
IS 2185 Part 4: Preformed Foam Cellular Concrete Blocks
ASTM C67-13: Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
14
Characterization of Mortar
16
Characterization of Masonry in Compression
IS 1905 recommend to determine compressive strength of
masonry by prism test.
Masonry prisms should be atleast 40 cm high and shall have a
height to thickness ratio (h/t) of atleast 2 and not more than 5.
Prisms shall be tested after 28 days between sheets of plywood by
applying uniformly distributed load at a rate of 350 to 700 kN/m.
5-brick stack
bonded prism
17
Characterization of Masonry in Compression
18
Characterization of Masonry in Compression
IS 1905 also recommends to calculate the permissible
compressive stress based on compressive strength of brick by
applying suitable reduction factors as per Table 8.
19
Characterization of Masonry in Tension
Tension Bond Strength: required for masonry walls subjected
to forces applied normal to the face of wall, such as wind,
eccentric gravity loads, and so on.
Various test procedures and different types of specimens
suggested to determine the tension bond strength. But Indian
code remains silent.
Tests include the bond wrench test, direct tension test, and
crossed couplet test, and all the test procedures has their own
drawbacks and problems (Khalaf 2005).
A new Z-shaped specimen proposed
by Khalaf (2005).
22
Characterization of Masonry in Shear
Shear Strength
Load carried by wall in the in-plane direction depends on
the shear strength of masonry and needs to be simulated.
Shear strength of masonry can be determined from Diagonal
Tension Test of masonry wallettes in accordance with ASTM
E519-08 and RILEM LUM B6.
The nominal size of the masonry wallette is 1.2 1.2 m.
Source: Singhal
and Rai (2014)
23
Evaluation of Properties of Fly Ash Brick Masonry
Fly Ash Bricks: Gaining importance due to easy mode of
manufacturing and decreasing the emission of greenhouse
gases.
Method of Manufacturing: manufactured by mixing the
raw materials in pan mixer to obtain homogenous mixture
and fed into brick machine to be moulded automatically.
24
Material Characterisation of Brick Units
Water Absorption (WA) / Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA)
Dry Compressive
WA IRA
Sample Density strength
(%) (kg/m3) (kg/m2/min) MPa
Fly ash brick (Current Study) 18.3 1564 5.1 5.7
Clay Brick Class I (North East India) 20 1674 3 19.2
Clay Brick Class III (North East India) 25 1610 2 6.3
Clay Brick (North India)
(Kaushik et al. 2007) 12.3 1660 1.9 20.8
Clay Brick (North India)
(Singhal and Rai 2014) 13.4 1774 2.7 21.9
Table Moulded Clay Brick (South India)
(Gumaste et al. 2007) 10.6 - 1.52 5.7
Wire Cut Clay Brick (South India)
(Gumaste et al. 2007) 17.3 - 1.39 23.0
7
Compressive Stress (MPa)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Strain
Source: Basha and Kaushik (2015) 26
Characterisation of Brick Units
Failure mechanisms observed in brick units
29
Characteristics of Mortar.
Failure mechanisms of mortar cubes
32
Stress-Strain Characterisation of Prisms
Compressive Failure Elastic
Mortar used in Prisms strength Strain Modulus
MPa MPa
Strong Mortar (1:3) 4.6 0.0122 2830
Intermediate mortar (1:4) 3.9 0.0081 2667
Weak mortar (1:6) 3.1 0.0116 1457
5
Compressive Stress (MPa)
3
Prism 1:6
2
1 Prism 1:4
Prism 1:3
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
Strain 33
Material Characterisation of Masonry Prisms
Failure mechanisms of masonry prisms
20 20
16
15
Mortar 1:3 12
10 Mortar 1:4
Brick 8
5 Brick
Prism 1:3 4
(a) Prism 1:4
0 (b)
0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
Strain Strain
20
Compressive Stress (MPa)
15
10
Mortar 1:6
5 Brick
Prism 1:6 (c)
0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
Strain
35
Comparison of Stress-Strain Characteristics of Prisms
Strength of clay brick prisms higher compared to fly ash prisms.
Degradation in strength of fly ash prisms very gradual compared
to burnt clay prisms.
Presence of Lime improved post peak behavior of clay brick
prisms (1:0.5:4.5).
8
Compressive Stress (MPa)
Clay 1:3
6
Clay 1:0.5:4.5
4
Clay1:6
Fly ash 1:3
2 Fly ash 1:6
Fly ash 1:4
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 36
Strain
Characterisation of Masonry in Shear
Code: ASTM E519/E519M-10 (ASTM 2010).
50
0
0 20 40 60 80
Displacement (mm)
41
References
ASTM. (2007). Standard test methods for splitting tensile strength of masonry
units. Masonry test methods and specifications for the building industry, ASTM-
C1006-07, ASTM International, USA.
ASTM. (2010). Standard test method for diagonal tension (shear) in masonry
assemblages. ASTM E 519/E519M-10, ASTM International, USA.
ASTM. (2012). Standard test method for compressive strength of
masonry prisms. Masonry test methods and specifications for the building industry,
ASTM C1314-12, ASTM International, USA.
ASTM. (2013a). Standard test methods for sampling and testing brick and
structural clay tile. Masonry test methods and specifications for the building
industry, ASTM C67-13, ASTM International, USA.
ASTM. (2013b). Standard test method for compressive strength of
hydraulic cement mortars using 2-in or 50-mm cube specimens. Masonry test
methods and specifications for the building industry, ASTM C109/C109M-13, ASTM
International, USA.
Basha, S.H., and Kaushik, H.B. (2015). Evaluation of Non-linear Material
Properties of Fly Ash Brick Masonry under Compression and Shear. Journal of
Materials in Civil Engineering, 04014227(11).
42
References
Basha, S.H., and Kaushik, H.B. (2016). Suitability of fly ash brick masonry as
infill in reinforced concrete frames. Materials and Structures, DOI 0.1617/s11527-
015-0757-5,
Bureau Indian Standards (BIS). (1987). Indian standard code of practice for
structural use of unreinforced masonry, IS 1905, 2nd Revision, New Delhi, India.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (1992a). Indian standard methods of test of
burn clay building bricksPart 1: Determination of compressive strength, IS 3495, 3rd
Revision, New Delhi, India.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (1992b). Indian standard methods of test of
burn clay building bricksPart 2: Determination of water absorption, IS 3495, 3rd
Revision, New Delhi, India.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (1995). Indian standard code of practice for
preparation and use of masonry mortars, IS 2250, 5th Revision, New Delhi, India.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (2002). Indian standard pulverized fuel ash lime
bricksspecification, IS 12894, 1st Revision, New Delhi, India.
Kaushik, H. B., Rai, D. C., and Jain, S. K. (2007). Stress-strain Characteristics of
clay brick masonry under uniaxial compression. Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 19(9), 728739.
43
References
RILEM (1994). LUM B6 Diagonal tensile strength of small wall specimens,
1991. RILEM Technical Recommendations for the Testing and Use of Constructions
Materials, E & FN SPON, London, 488489.
Singhal, V., and Rai, D.C. (2014). Suitability of half scale burnt clay bricks for
shake table tests on masonry walls. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,
26(4), 644657.
44
@ Blondet 2005
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